Organic surfaces

A few of the most frequently used techniques are discussed briefly in this chapter references to those not covered are given in the table. Useful reviews are Refs. 2-5 and 6 and, for organic surfaces. Refs. 7-9 and 10. Also, many of the various measurements have found use in the study of the adsorbed state, and further examples of their use are to be found in Chapters VII, XVI, and XVII. 

The overwhelming majority of AEM studies on organic surfaces has concerned organic thin films on inorganic snbstrates and, in particvilar, those deposited via Langmnir-Blodgett or self-assembly processes [35]. These films... 

A large number of studies concerned witli tliiol-tenninated molecules has been directed at tire preparation of tailored organic surfaces, since tlieir importance has been steadily increasing in various applications. Films of o> functionalized alkanetliiols have facilitated fundamental studies of interfacial phenomena, such as adhesion [190, 191], corrosion protection [192], electrochemistry [193], wetting [194], protein adsorjDtion [195, 196] or molecular recognition [197, 198, 199, 200 and 201] to mention only a few. 

Dubois L FI and Nuzzo R G 1992 Synthesis, structure, and properties of model organic surfaces Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 43 437-63... 

Nuzzo R G, Dubois L FI and Allara D L 1990 Fundamental-studies of microscopic wetting on organic-surfaces. 1. formation and structural characterization of a self-consistent series of polyfunctional organic monolayers J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112 558-69... 

Dubois L FI, Zegarski B R and Nuzzo R G 1990 Temperature induced reconstruction of model organic-surfaces J. Eiectron Spectrosc. Reiat. Phenom. 54/55 1143-52... 

Quantitative measurements have been obtained for ceramics and glass, metals, and organic surfaces such as painted and plastic tile. 

Foaming, attributable to organic surface-active agents... 

Besides providing an environment for aquatic organisms, surface water is often used as a source of drinking water. The National Primary Drinking Water Standards are based on total chromium, the limit being 0.1 mg/L.19... 

Carrabba M.M., Edmonds R.B., Rauh, R.D., Feasibility studies for the detection of organic-surface and subsurface water contaminants by surface-enhanced Raman-spectroscopy on silver electrodes, Anal. Chem. 1987 59 2559-2563. 

Tengvall P, Lundstrom I, Liedberg B (1998) Protein adsorption studies on model organic surfaces an ellipsometric and infrared spectroscopic approach. Biomaterials 19 407-422... 

Gustafson RL, Paleos J (1971) Interactions responsible for the selective adsorption of organics on organic surfaces. In Faust SJ, Hunter JV (eds) Organic compounds in aquatic environments. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 213-237... 

The same requirement extends to the minerals considered in the calculation. Minerals in nature occur as solid solutions in which elements substitute for one another in the mineral s crystal structure, but thermodynamic datasets generally contain data for pure minerals of fixed composition. A special danger arises in considering the chemistry of trace metals. In nature, these would be likely to occur as ions substituted into the framework of common minerals or sorbed onto mineral or organic surfaces, but the chemical model would consider only the possibility that the species occur as dissolved species or as the minerals of these elements that are seldom observed in nature. 

In aquifers containing significant amounts of natural organic matter, benzene migration is retarded by sorption to the organic surfaces. 

LS Hung, CW Tang, MG Mason, P Raychaudhuri, and J Madathil, Application of an ultrathin LiF/Al bilayer in organic surface-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78 544—546, 2001. 

By varying conditions such as the cathode temperature, we can produce metal ions in several electronic states this will be discussed in Section II.E. Cooks et al. (48) discussed the reaction of ions with organic surfaces but the emphasis of the review was on the processes occurring rather than the production of ions. 

In many interfacial conversion processes, certainly those at biological interphases, the diffusion situation is complicated by the fact that the concentration at the organism surface is not constant with time (c°(f) not constant). However, in most cases of steady-state convective diffusion, the changes in the surface... 

Due to the usual diversity of components in the medium, there will be a need to consider that the species taken up interacts with other species while diffusing towards the organism surface (see Figure 19). In some cases (as in the aquatic prokaryotes that exudate Fe chelators called siderophores to improve the availability of Fe see Chapter 9 in this volume), the medium is modified on purpose by the organisms [11,47-49], A simple model for this interaction assumes the complexation of M with a ligand, with elementary interconversion kinetics between the free and complexed forms ... 

It is apparent that the kinetics of the homogeneous reaction can have a dramatic impact on the overall uptake process by controlling the ratio of com-plexed to free M, which affects the velocity of transport towards the organism surface. Therefore, kinetics do matter and all the dynamic effects must be properly taken into account. 

---