Tailor-made properties

In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered that sulfur could cross-link polymer chains and patented the process in 1844 [1]. Since then rubber became a widely usable material. By the year 1853, natural rubber (NR) was in short supply. So attempts were made to undo what Goodyear had accomplished. Goodyear himself was involved in trying to reclaim vulcanized rubber to overcome the shortage of NR. Later, as a consequence of World War I, Germany introduced synthetic rubbers, namely the Buna rubbers, which raised the curiosity of polymer chemists all over the world. Subsequently, synthetic rubbers with tailor-made properties were born. This was followed by the discovery of new methods and chemicals for vulcanization and processing. It is obvious... 

Although the word processing is normally reserved for the method of manufacture of any finished article it is important to recognise that the word can also describe the preparation or synthesis of the material. Thus in the polymer field it can range from improved methods of synthesis of polymers with tailor made properties (see Section 5.5) to improved methods of dispersion or improved methods of extrusion. Typical technological uses are shown in Tab. 5.25. 

The combination of oligo- or polysaccharides with non-natural polymeric structures opens up a novel class of materials. By varying the chain topology of the individual blocks as well as of the whole copolymer, the type of blocks, the composition etc., a complete set with tailor-made properties can be designed. 

The supramolecular assembly of (3-cyclodextrin-capped AuNPs on ITO previously coated with a monolayer of ferrocene molecules was shown to exhibit interesting redox properties, as presented in Figure 8.5.25 This is a fine example of the functionalization of a nanoparticle with a functionalized recognition element to create a unique supramolecular scaffold with tailor-made properties. Specifically, the electrocatalytic determination of ascorbic acid was demonstrated by this surface assembly with excellent discrimination over dopamine. 

More than forty years after its serendipitous discovery in 1951 [1], ferrocene still enjoys a great deal of interest from scientists in many areas of research. Due to its high stability and the well-established methods for its incorporation into more complex structures, ferrocene has become a versatile building block for the synthesis of compounds with tailor-made properties. 

Membrane science and technology is expected to play an increasingly important role in the future for various industrial sectors. The availability of new membrane with tailor-made properties and new membrane processes offers important tools for the design of alternative production systems appropriate for a sustainable growth. 

The full synthetic potential of these biocataiysts is still beyond imagination. Especially, selective changes in the protein sequences by molecular biology techniques will give catalysts with tailor-made properties. Thus enzymes with enhanced stabilities and with defined high affinities toward unusual substrate patterns, retaining their exclusive regio- and stereoselectivity, may be created. 

This paper reports about the ANOF technique as promising alternative for preparation of catalytic oxide layers on metallic supports. The influence of the substrate, electrolyte composition, and treatment time on the manufacture of egg-shell catalysts with tailor-made properties for the effective oxydehydrogenation of cyclohexane to cyclohexene is presented. 

The model of non-homogeneous Hquids for ILs may be more helpful not only for the rationahzation of many of their properties but also in allowing the design of new IL materials with tailor-made properties. In order to develop this model a close look at the structure of pure ILs in the solid, liquid and gas phases is necessary, followed by analysis of the interaction of other substances with the ILs through changes in the physico-chemical properties. 

Natural biodegradable polymers with tailor-made properties offer excellent opportunities for advanced functional materials, e.g., biodegradable conductive nanocomposites based on polypyrrole (Ppy)/dextrin or PANI/dextrin provide enhanced conductive and antibacterial activities. 

Application. Emulsion paints can be applied by brush, roller, dipping, inundation, and spraying. A wide range of qualities of emulsion paints with tailor-made properties can be produced from the available binders, thickeners, and auxiliaries. 

Discovery of the inclusion properties of many channel-type compounds was mainly made by chance. The creation of crystal lattices with tailor-made properties or even the fine tuning of properties of known crystal architectures represent significant challenges for materials chemists. Worth mentioning here is a large family of alicyclic diols, called helical tubulands. These com-... 

Tailor-made properties by means of synthesis and, above all, specific compounding... 

The synthesis of inorganic polymers is a great challenge and is motivated by the possibility of accessing new materials with tailor-made properties. 

Natural product phenazines with interesting biological effects have prompted the development of synthetic analogues with tailor-made properties similar to or even better than those of the natural compound. The following section is divided into sections on the basis of structure, therapeutic use, and mode of action. 

Gas-phase polymerization technology benefits from the development of single-site metallocenes [73] which enhance control of PP properties in order to meet the demands of highly diversified applications. Simplified solvent-free processes combined with catalyst design represents the key to the development of novel polyolefin families with tailor-made properties. 

The synthetic routes that have been developed for the preparation of conjugated polymers are diverse. This diversity is driven in part by the desire to develop substitutes for metallic conductors and semiconductors, but other properties unique to EAPs have also attracted intense interest. The effort to synthesize materials with tailor-made properties has been and continues to be pursued by hundreds of research groups. These researchers are seeking to develop EAP materials and improve their electrical, mechanical, optical, processing, and thermal properties. New EAP device concepts are being used to incorporate the most promising EAP material solutions. 

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