Polystyrene sulfonated

Solid Superacids. Most large-scale petrochemical and chemical industrial processes ate preferably done, whenever possible, over soHd catalysts. SoHd acid systems have been developed with considerably higher acidity than those of acidic oxides. Graphite-intercalated AlCl is an effective sohd Friedel-Crafts catalyst but loses catalytic activity because of partial hydrolysis and leaching of the Lewis acid halide from the graphite. Aluminum chloride can also be complexed to sulfonate polystyrene resins but again the stabiUty of the catalyst is limited. 

Occasionally polymers are used to increase the viscosity of oil-base and synthetic-base muds. The polymers for this use are typically sulfonated polystyrenes or ethylene—propylene terpolymers (EPDM) (54,55). Such polymers are usually used in conjunction with an organopbilic clay. 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

A series of tests using Amberlite IR-12 (sulfonated polystyrene resin) to esterify diethylene glycol (DEG) using toluene as the entrainer for removal of water gave the results in Table 1 (53). 

FIGURE 10.3 Calibration curves for sulfonated polystyrenes on SynChropak GPC columns. Mobile phase 0.1 A1 sodium sulfate. (From MICRA Scientific, Inc., with permission.)... 

Moore, S., Spackman, D., and Stein, W. H., 1958. Chromatography of amino acids on sulfonated polystyrene resins. Analytical Chemistry 30 1185-1190. 

Catalysis by an Acidic Resin (5).- The resin (Dowex-50,200-400 mesh or comparable sulfonated polystyrene) is prepared for use by suspending it in dilute sulfuric acid, followed by many washings with water (and decantation of the wash), and air drying for several days. 

In nonrigid ionomers, such as elastomers in which the Tg is situated below ambient temperature, even greater changes can be produced in tensile properties by increase of ion content. As one example, it has been found that in K-salts of a block copolymer, based on butyl acrylate and sulfonated polystyrene, both the tensile strength and the toughness show a dramatic increase as the ion content is raised to about 6 mol% [10]. Also, in Zn-salts of a butyl acrylate/acrylic acid polymer, the tensile strength as a function of the acrylic acid content was observed to rise from a low value of about 3 MPa for the acid copolymer to a maximum value of about 15 MPa for the ionomer having acrylic acid content of 5 wt% [II]. Other examples of the influence of ion content on mechanical properties of ionomers are cited in a recent review article [7],... 

In the liquid-phase process, high pressures in the range of 80-100 atmospheres are used. A sulfonated polystyrene cation exchange resin is the catalyst commonly used at about 150°C. An isopropanol yield of 93.5% can be realized at 75% propylene conversion. The only important byproduct is diisopropyl ether (about 5%). Figure 8-4 is a flow diagram of the propylene hydration process. ... 

The reaction between isobutylene and methyl and ethyl alcohols is an addition reaction catalyzed by a heterogeneous sulfonated polystyrene resin. When methanol is used a 98% yield of methyl-ter-butyl ether MTBE is obtained ... 

Resins containing these functional groups are generally available in one or more forms for example, strong acid cation resin is typically a sulfonated polystyrene type, available either in the hydrogen form (H+ ) or in the sodium form (Na+). The sodium form of this resin is used for water softening. 

Li C., Register R.A., and Cooper S.L., Direct observation of ionic aggregates in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers, Polymer, 30, 1227, 1989. 

FIG. 14 Measurements on monolayers and LB films of CdSe nanoparticles of narrow size distribution (a) II-A isotherms for Langmuir monolayers of CdSe nanoparticles of diameter 2.5 run (curve a), 3.0 mn (curve b), 3.6 mn (curve c), 4.3 mn (curve d), and 5.3 mn (curve e). The area per nanoparticle was determined by dividing the trough area by the estimated number of particles deposited on the surface, (b) Absorbance and photoluminescence spectra of the nanoparticles in solution (A, B) and in monolayers on sulfonated polystyrene-coated glass sbdes (C. D). The nanoparticle diameters are 2.5 nm (curves labeled a), 3.6 nm (curves labeled b), and 5.3 nm (curves labeled c). The excitation wavelengths are (a) 430 nm, (b) 490 nm, and (c) 540 nm. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 158. Copyright 1994 American Chemical Society.)... 

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography on Asahipak NH2P or Excel-pak CHA-P44 with pulsed amperometric detection has been used to fractionate malto-oligosaccharides.266 The Asahipak NH2P is a polyvinyl alcohol support with a polyamine bonded phase, and the Excelpak is a sulfonated polystyrene in the Zn+2 form. Amine adsorption of sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides was performed on a Micropak AX-5 column (Varian) using acetonitrile-water-acetic acid-triethylamine.267... 

Cottet, H. and Gareil, R, Electrophoretic behavior of fully sulfonated polystyrenes in capillaries filled with entangled polymer solutions,. Chromatogr. A, 772, 369, 1997. 

Fig. 31. Fractal structures obtained experimentally at different stages of aggregation of a colloidal monolayer of 1 /im sulfonated polystyrene particles on the surface of an aqueous calcium chloride solution, initially uniformly distributed (Robinson and Earnshaw, 1992).

The use of ionomers such as lightly sulfonated polystyrene as an oil-based fracturing fluid viscosifier has been studied (70). 

Zyung et al., using ionomers such as sodium-sulfonated polystyrene as a CIM, have achieved an improved device performance [65,66]. Yang s group has used 0.2 wt% calcium acetylace-... 

The catalysis of this reaction by grafted copolymer in comparison with well-known catalysts such as /(-toluene sulfoacid, and cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene was investigated. The yield of mono- and disubstituted products is shown in Table 7.2. The specific catalytic activity of grafted copolymers is 100 times or even higher than the same values for the other catalysts. This also can be related to the much higher level of acidity of perfluoroalkyl sulfoacid. 

Versus cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene higher temperature (up to 220°C), multiple regeneration, higher acidity. 

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