Poly 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid

Halik and coworkers subsequently extended this process to pattern conducting polymer electrodes, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT-PSS) [11]. In this process, PEDOT-PSS is uniformly coated on a substrate that has prepattemed photoresist. The PEDOT-PSS-coated substrate is then immersed in acetone to swell the photoresist underneath the... 

Other materials were found to be very efficient if introduced between the ITO and the active layer. Many authors [118, 119] reported that poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), mixed with polystyrene sulfonated acid, PSSA, (Figure 5.9) has a meaningful effect both on the lifetime and in the EL efficiency if spin coated between ITO and the active polymeric layer. Very recently this subject has been studied by means of the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) technique [37]. 

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)s. PEDOT is one of the most commercially successful ICP as it is used for various applications. Due to its insolubility, it can be processed through the aqueous dispersion in the presence of anionic polyelectrolyte, polystyrene sulfonic acid sodium salt (PSS-Na). Various substituents on EDOT (Chart 10.2) are introduced in order to enhance the solubility and to tune the bandgap of resulting polymer. 

The general structure of the bilayer solar cells is similar to the light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The devices are fabricated in sandwich geometry (Fig. 11.9). The active layer is sandwiched between two contacts an indium-tin-oxide electrode (ITO) (cathode) coated with a hole transport layer/glass or plastic foil. The blend polymer/PCBM solution was doctor-bladed on top of the hole conductor PEDOT PSS [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonic acid]. It improves the surface quality of ITO electrode. On the top of this polymer, about 100-nm aluminum layer is placed as an electrode (anode). 

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PDOT) was investigated as the Pt/PDOT/ polystyrene sulfonic acid electrode for DMFCs. It influenced the activity of DMFCs in three different ways. It could be introduced into the anode, cathode, or the gas diffusion layer [110]. 

The acid-base Nafion composite membranes include blends of Nafion with polypyrrole (PPy) [98-104], polybenzimidazole (PBI) [105-107], poly (propyleneoxide) (PPO) [108, 109], polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) [110], poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [111-115], sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde (sPF) [116], polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) [117-122], poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) [123], poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) [124] polyanifine (PANI) [125-128], polyethylene (PE) [129], poly(ethylene-terephtalate) [130], sulfated p-cyclodextrin (sCD) [131], sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) [132-135], sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) (sPAEK) [136], poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES) [137], poly(vinylimidazole) (PVl) [138], poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVPy) [139], poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) [140-142], poly(fluorinated ethylene-propylene) [143], sulfonated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (sPOSS) [144], poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) [145, 146], polyrotaxanes (PR) [147], purple membrane [148], sulfonated polystyrene (PSSA) [149, 150], polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-bpolystyrene (SEES) [151], poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulphonic acid-co-l,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate) (AMPS) [152], and chitosan [31]. A binary PVA/chitosan [153] and a ternary Nafion composite with PVA, polyimide (PI) and 8-trimethoxy silylpropyl glycerin ether-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid (TSPS) has also been reported [154]. 

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