Sulfonated linear polystyrene

It should be acknowledged that Risen utilized the concept of the ionic domains in ionomers (Nafion sulfonates, sulfonated linear polystyrene) as microreactors within which transition metal partides can be grown and utilized as catalysts (23-25). Transition metal (e.g. Rh, Ru, Pt, Ag) cations were sorbed by these ionomers from aqueous solutions and preferentially aggregated within the pre-existing clusters of fixed anions. Then, the ionomers were dehydrated, heated and reduced to the metallic state with Hg. Risen discussed the idea of utilizing ionomeric heterophasic morphology to tailor the size and size distributions of the incorporated metal particles. The affected particle sizes in Nafion were observed, by electron microscopy, to be in the range of 25-40 A, which indeed is of the established order of cluster sizes in the pre-modified ionomer. 

A study of the IPECs formed by polyelectrolyte brushes and oppositely charged linear polyelectrolytes has also been carried out [154,155], Recent simulation work indicated that formation of IPECs with linear polyelectrolytes can also induce the collapse of the brushes [156], Our experimental work [157] concerning the IPECs between PMETAI brushes and linear polystyrene sulfonate) (PSS) is in agreement with these simulations. 

Figure 16.1 Water uptake as a function of the crosslinking degree of macronet isoporous and hypercrosslinked sulfonates based on (1-3) linear polystyrene, styrene copolymers with (4) 0.8 and (5) 1% DVB, and crosslinked with (1, 5)...

Figure 16.2 Dependence of the time of saturation of 50% functional groups with (C4H9)4N ions on the resin water uptake for the sulfonates prepared by crosslinking (1-3) linear polystyrene with (1) 1,4-bis(chloromethyl diphenyl), (2) p-xylylene dichloride, and (3) monochlorodimethyl ether (4) styrene-1 % DVB copolymer crosslinked with 1,4-chloromethyl diphenyl (5) sulfonates based on conventional styrene-DVB copolymers numbers denote the degree of crosslinking. (After [371].)...

Corrosion is an electrochemical process leading to a decrease in thickness and strength of materials. Steel is the most widely used metal in industry and has weak resistance to corrosion. Corrosion resistance can be increased with addition of chrome and nickel. Adding of metals causes an increase in the production cost of steel. To develop the corrosion resistance, polyelectrolyte multilayers can be used to coat stainless steel with low cost [14]. The main aim to coat a metal is to protect it from corrosion. The layer-by-layer self-assembly method is used to prepare polyelectrolyte multilayers. Corrosion of metals can be reduced with inhibitors. Severe corrosion protective coatings are used in many apphcation areas such as automotive, steel, pipe, petroleum and hning industry. Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are an alternative method to protect the materials from corrosion. PEMs can be produced with anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes. In addition, PEMs has wide application areas such as membrane separation, microfluidies, biocatalytic and analytical separations. Cationic polyaUylamine hydrochloride (PAH), anionic polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), polystyrene suUbnate-co-maleic acid (PSS-co-MA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) were used to investigate the corrosion protection efficiency of polyelectrolyte. Corrosion rate, corrosion potential and linear polarization resistance were examined as corrosion process parameters. In addition, polydiaUyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) was used with sulfonated polyetherether ketone (SPEEK) for steel corrosion applications [14]. 

FIGURE 10.7 Calibration curves for sulfonated polystyrenes on SynChropak GPC linear, GPC 100 and GPC 1000. Conditions as in Fig. 10.3. (From MICRA Scientific, Inc., with permission.)... 

The calibration standards included sodium form polystyrene sulfonates obtained from Pressure Chemical Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., and sodium toluene sulfonate. Measurements were taken at 0.5 to I.Oml/mln flow rates. The logarithm of the molecular weight of the standards was linear it suggests a framework for approaching an interpretion of the structure of the scission products. This application of size exclusion chromatography measurements must be viewed as a first approximation because of the unmeasured differences between the chromatographic behavior of the linear standards and the expected branched structure of the scission products. 

In a related application, polyelectrolyte microgels based on crosslinked cationic poly(allyl amine) and anionic polyfmethacrylic acid-co-epoxypropyl methacrylate) were studied by potentiometry, conductometry and turbidimetry [349]. In their neutralized (salt) form, the microgels fully complexed with linear polyelectrolytes (poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and polystyrene sulfonate)) as if the gels were themselves linear. However, if an acid/base reaction occurs between the linear polymers and the gels, it appears that only the surfaces of the gels form complexes. Previous work has addressed the fundamental characteristics of these complexes [350, 351] and has shown preferential complexation of cationic polyelectrolytes with crosslinked car-boxymethyl cellulose versus linear CMC [350], The departure from the 1 1 stoichiometry with the non-neutralized microgels may be due to the collapsed nature of these networks which prevents penetration of water soluble polyelectrolyte. 

Examples are the sulfonating of polyethylene film with chloro-sulfonic acid (60) the sulfonating of sheets of phenolformaldehyde resin (77) the treatment of a film consisting of polystyrene and polyvinylchloride with concentrated sulfuric acid (4) the sulfonating of films consisting of aliphatic vinylpolymers with chlorosulfonic acid (125) the sulfonating of copolymers of a monovinyl- and a polyvinyl compound (30). Also are used copolymers of aromatic monovinyl-compounds and linear aliphatic polyene hydrocarbons (3) copolymers of an unsaturated aromatic compound and an unsaturated aliphatic compound (76), and of reaction products of poly olefines and partially polymerized styrene (173). 

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