Fabric polyester

Method A Heat setting Scouring - Bleaching - Weight reduction Dyeing — Drying on stenter. 

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Several commercial polyester fabrics are flame retarded using low levels of phosphoms additives that cause them to melt and drip more readily than fabrics without the flame retardant. This mechanism can be completely defeated by the presence of nonthermoplastic component such as infusible fibers, pigments, or by siUcone oils which can form pyrolysis products capable of impeding melt flow (27,28). 

Mutagenic and later carciaogenic properties were found for tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (148—150), a flame retardant used on polyester fabric ia the 1970s. This product is no longer on the market. The chemically somewhat-related tris(dichloroisopropyl) phosphate has been intensively studied and found not to display mutagenic activity (148,149,151). Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate appears to be a weak tumor-iaducer ia a susceptible rodent strain (150). 

Antlblaze 19. Antiblaze 19 (Mobil), a flame retardant for polyester fibers (134), is a nontoxic mixture of cycHc phosphonate esters. Antiblaze 19 is 100% active, whereas Antiblaze 19T is a 93% active, low viscosity formulation for textile use. Both are miscible with water and are compatible with wetting agents, thickeners, buffers, and most disperse dye formulations. Antiblaze 19 or 19T can be diffused into 100% polyester fabrics by the Thermosol process for disperse dyeing and printing. This requires heating at 170—220°C for 30—60 s. 

Polyester. This fiber has several performance advantages versus polypropylene, although it is less economical. Polyester can produce higher tensile strength and modulus fabrics that are dimensionally stable at higher temperatures than polypropylene. This is of importance in selected appHcations such as roofing. Polyester fabrics are easily dyed and printed with conventional equipment which is of extreme importance in apparel and face fabrics although of lesser importance in most spunbonded appHcations (see Fibers, polyester). 

One of the limitations of the curtain/slot draw process is that the amount of fiber attenuation is constrained due to the short distance generally allowed between the spinnerette and the venturi slot and the use of relatively low pressure air for drawing so as not to induce high turbulence in the area of the laydown. In practical terms this has made the process difficult to adapt for the production of polyester fabrics which inherently require much higher fiber acceleration to attain the desired polyester fiber properties. 

There is no question that the bane of textile chemists in the area of cross-linking for smooth-dry performance is the loss of abrasion resistance. This has been a continuing problem when durable press is pushed to high levels of performance. Numerous approaches to this problem have been explored (32). However, the simplest solution has been to blend cotton with synthetic fibers. A 50—50 cotton—polyester fabric can have exceUent smooth-dry performance and yet be able to endure numerous launderings. 

Two factors emerged to turn the focus of durable press the discovery that incorporation of a level of nylon or polyester in the fabric can substantially increase the garments abrasion resistance, and the reali2ation that the marketplace preferred cotton—polyester blends in delayed cure operations, even though 85% cotton—15% nylon fabric yields a suitable product. The 50% cotton—50% polyester fabric seemed particularly appropriate because it contained sufficient ceUulosic to benefit from a chemical finish and sufficient synthetic to provide strength and abrasion resistance. 

Several factors were utilized in bringing formaldehyde release down. In particular, resin manufacturer executed more careful control of variables such as pH, formaldehyde content, and control of methylolation. There has also been a progressive decrease in the resin content of pad baths. The common practice of applying the same level of resin to a 50% cotton—50% polyester fabric as to a 100% cotton fabric was demonstrated to be unnecessary and counter productive (89). Smooth-dry performance can be enhanced by using additives such as polyacrylates, polyurethanes, or siUcones without affecting formaldehyde release. 

A number of after-treatments with polyester copolymers carried out after sodium hydroxide processing are reported to produce a more hydrophilic polyester fabric (197). Likewise, the addition of a modified cellulose ether has improved water absorbency (198). Other treatments used on cotton and blends are also effective on 100% polyester fabrics (166—169). In this case, polymeri2ation is used between an agent such as DMDHEU and a polyol to produce a hydrophilic network in the synthetic matrix (166—169). 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Preparation for Dyeing. A hot alkaline scour with a synthetic surfactant and with 1% soda ash or caustic soda is used to remove size, lubricants, and oils. Sodium hypochlorite is sometimes included in the alkaline scouring bath when bleaching is requked. After bleaching, the polyester fabric is given a bisulfite rinse and, when requked, a further scouring in a formulated oxahc acid bath to remove mst stains and mill dkt which is resistant to alkaline scouring. 

In oidei to lemove long fibeis, polyester fabrics are sometimes sheared prior to dyeing. Singeing of the polyester fabrics, which prevents pilling, is usually delayed until after dyeing to prevent uneven dye exhaustion in unevenly singed areas. 

Polyester fabrics and many other hydrophobic synthetic fabrics require the appHcation of an antistatic agent prior to printing to prevent the buildup of static charges at rapid printing speeds (see Antistatic agents). 

Hild DN, Laughlin JM, Gold RE. 1989. Laundry parameters as factors in lowering methyl parathion residue in cotton polyester fabrics. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 18 908-914. 

Figure 10.67 indicates the probable distribution of a silicone containing the optimum content of aminoethyliminopropyl groups when applied to a polyester fibre surface. In this case the attachment is through hydrophobic polymer-fibre interaction and the mobility of the silicone chain segments is increased by electrostatic repulsion between neighbouring cationic groups. Dependence of softness of the treated polyester fabric on the proportion of... 

Brightener structures of only moderate molecular size are of interest for white grounds in the transfer printing of polyester fabrics. Derivatives of 6-acetamidoquinoxaline with an electron-donating substituent (X) in the 2-position (11.48) were prepared by converting quinoxalin-2-one to 2-chloro-6-nitroquinoxaline and condensation with amines (X = RNH), alcohols (X = RO) or phenols (X = PhO), followed by reduction and acetylation (Scheme 11.19). The nitro intermediates (11.49) are also of interest as low-energy disperse dyes for polyester [61]. 

Mihailovic, D., Saponjic, Z., Molina, R., Puac, N., Jovancic, P., Nedeljkovic, J. and Radetic, M. (2010) Improved properties of oxygen and argon RF plasma-activated polyester fabrics loaded with Ti02 nanoparticles. ACS Applied Materials ej Interfaces, 2, 1700-1706. 

The RFK mechanism can be used with loomstate nylon and rayon fabrics, but polyesters will require a pre-treatment to achieve good adhesion. Hexamethylene tetramine should be avoided as the methylene donor when polyester fabrics are being used, as aminolysis of the ester linkages in the polyester can occur, which would cause significant degradation of fabric and adhesion to take place under severe service conditions. Hexamethylolmelamine ethyl ether should be used as the methylene donor in this case. 

If accelerators which leave amine residues in the rubber compound are used, then the above mentioned deterioration of a polyester fabric will occur. Thiurams and dithiocarbamates can also damage fabrics. These accelerator residues cause deterioration of both fabric and adhesion levels which usually occur under service conditions after long periods of exposure to high temperatures. 

The 1988 Consumer Safety Regulations depart from the principle of testing composites because they essentially test individual materials in a standard manner although the composite BS 5852 test is used. Thus flame retarded fabrics and interliners are tested with a specified standard PU foam and polyurethane foams and other fillings are tested with a specified flame retarded polyester fabric. It is understood that this... 

ALL FILLING MATERIALS EXCEPT PU SHEETS OR BLOCKS. These are tested against ignition source 2 which is a butane flame, approximately 120 mm high and applied to the FR polyester fabric covered filling for 40 seconds(Table VII) to BS 5852 part 2. This applies to all loose foam and non-foam filling when tested singly. 

E Covered with the flame retarded polyester fabric. 

Table VII. Summary of Test Requirements for Filling Materials - All Tested with Specified FR Polyester Fabric...

For loose fillings, the test rig is lined with the specified FR polyester fabric. 

FLAME IGNITION TEST FOR PILLOWS AND CUSHIONS WITH SOLID FILLINGS. This is carried out using ignition to BS 5852 Part 2, Source 2. Cushions are additionally covered with the specified FR polyester fabric (Table VII). 

All filling materials are specified by ignition tests to BS 5852 Part 2 and composite non-PU foam mattress fillings to BS 5852 Part 2 and BS 6807 for seating and mattress applications respectively with a flame retarded polyester fabric. Different ignition sources, constructions and pass/fail criteria are used to differentiate between "acceptable" and "unacceptable" materials. 

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