Polystyrene sulfonated, salts

Water is softened by removing calcium and magnesium ions from hard water in exchange for sodium ions at sites on cation-exchange resin. Water softeners typically use a gel polystyrene sulfonate cation-exchange resin regenerated with a 10% salt brine solution (25). 

Anionic hydrophobic Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 0.1-0.3 M salt/buffer, pH 7-9 with 20% methanol... 

Serizawa and Akashi [95] analyzed the monolayer adsorption of polystyrene latex particles with cationic polyvinylamine grafted on their surface, while Serizawa et al. [96,97] used commercial anionic latex particles. Both types of particles were adsorbed on polyelectrolyte-coated substrates previously prepared by alternating adsorption of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes such as polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt (PSS) according to the method described by Decher [164]. Using... 

The aim of this paper is to offer experimental results for the molecular weight dependence of adsorption of polystyrene-sulfonate) onto a platinum plate from aqueous NaCl solution at 25 °C. Measurements of poly(styrenesulfonate) adsorption were carried out by ellipsometry. The dependences of molecular weight and added salt concentration on the thickness of the adsorbed layer and also the adsorbances of polymer and salt are examined. 

Drugs that may be affected by calcium include sodium polystyrene sulfonate, tetracyclines, verapamil. Iron salts and quinolones (oral only) digitalis glycosides (parenteral only). 

In a related application, polyelectrolyte microgels based on crosslinked cationic poly(allyl amine) and anionic polyfmethacrylic acid-co-epoxypropyl methacrylate) were studied by potentiometry, conductometry and turbidimetry [349]. In their neutralized (salt) form, the microgels fully complexed with linear polyelectrolytes (poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and polystyrene sulfonate)) as if the gels were themselves linear. However, if an acid/base reaction occurs between the linear polymers and the gels, it appears that only the surfaces of the gels form complexes. Previous work has addressed the fundamental characteristics of these complexes [350, 351] and has shown preferential complexation of cationic polyelectrolytes with crosslinked car-boxymethyl cellulose versus linear CMC [350], The departure from the 1 1 stoichiometry with the non-neutralized microgels may be due to the collapsed nature of these networks which prevents penetration of water soluble polyelectrolyte. 

The polyelectrolyte systems studied were sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) (with sodium nitroanilinsulfonate being the inert salt) and some of the quaternized polyvinylpyridines listed in Table 2 (with Basic Blue 1=2-chloro-4, 4"-bis-dimethylamino-tritylium chloride being the inert salt). The PVP was quaternized to an extent of 60%, i.e. the reduced charge density is =1.7, while the PSS was sulfonated to an extent of 80%, hence =2.3. 

Polystyrene sulfonic acid has been used as sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate has been used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency and as an adjuvant during hemodialysis. It can be given orally or rectally in all age groups (1). It has also been added to feeding formulae and nutritional supplements to reduce their potassium contents and so prevent hyperkalemia however, the reduction in potassium content was more than balanced by a concomitant increase in sodium content, presumably because of exchange of the sodium with calcium and magnesium (2,3). The uses and adverse effects of sodium polystyrene sulfonate have been reviewed (4,5). 

Potassium polystyrene sulfonate has been used to treat hypercalciuria and renal calculi. Calcium polystjrene sulfonate has been used to treat hyperkalemia, particularly in patients who cannot tolerate the extra sodium that would be provided by the sodium salt. 

Since calcium salts can bind tetracyclines, leading to reduced absorption (SED-14, 910), an interaction of this kind might be expected with calcium polystyrene sulfonate, but it does not seem to have been reported. 

There is a limited number of polymers for which narrow MWD standards are commercially available polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(a-methyl styrene), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, poly(dimethyl siloxane), polyethyleneoxide, pullulan, dextran, polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt, and globular proteins. In some cases, the standards available cover a limited molecular weight range, so it may be impossible to construct the calibration curve over the complete column pore volume. 

Much more interesting, however, than the swelling in humid air is the behavior of polyelectrolyte brushes in contact with water or salt solutions. The first experimental study of the swelling properties of a surface-attached polyelectrolyte monolayer obtained by a grafting to process has been reported by Auroy and coworkers [51]. Polystyrene sulfonate layers chemically... 

Drifford M, Dalbiez JP. Effect of salt on sodium polystyrene sulfonate measured by light scattering. Biopolymers 1985 24 1501-1514. 

S. Tran, L. Dammak, C. Larchet and B. Auclair, Bi-ionic potential through a cation exchange membrane separating two electrolytes at different concentrations, Electro-chim. Acta, 1999, 44, 2515-2521 M. Tasaka and H. Sugioka, Dependence on salt concentration of bi-ionic potential across polystyrene sulfonic-acid-type membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 1988, 38, 27-37. 

Insoluble salts Palmoate, polystyrene sulfonate (resinate)... 

Even wines are sometimes treated by column cation exchange. Potassium hydrogen tartrate, which causes an unpleasant precipitate in wines, is converted to the more soluble sodium salt by treatment with polystyrene sulfonic acid resin in the sodium (Na ) form. 

Benzenesulfonic acid, ethenyl-, homopolymer, sodium salt. See Sodium polystyrene sulfonate... 

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