Sulfonated polystyrene resins

Solid Superacids. Most large-scale petrochemical and chemical industrial processes ate preferably done, whenever possible, over soHd catalysts. SoHd acid systems have been developed with considerably higher acidity than those of acidic oxides. Graphite-intercalated AlCl is an effective sohd Friedel-Crafts catalyst but loses catalytic activity because of partial hydrolysis and leaching of the Lewis acid halide from the graphite. Aluminum chloride can also be complexed to sulfonate polystyrene resins but again the stabiUty of the catalyst is limited. 

A series of tests using Amberlite IR-12 (sulfonated polystyrene resin) to esterify diethylene glycol (DEG) using toluene as the entrainer for removal of water gave the results in Table 1 (53). 

Moore, S., Spackman, D., and Stein, W. H., 1958. Chromatography of amino acids on sulfonated polystyrene resins. Analytical Chemistry 30 1185-1190. 

The reaction between isobutylene and methyl and ethyl alcohols is an addition reaction catalyzed by a heterogeneous sulfonated polystyrene resin. When methanol is used a 98% yield of methyl-ter-butyl ether MTBE is obtained ... 

Figure 3-6 Separation of amino acids by cation-exchange chromatography on a sulfonated polystyrene resin in the Na+ form by the method of Moore and Stein.110 The amino acids were detected by reaction with ninhydrin (Box 3-C) areas under the peaks are proportional to the amounts. Two buffers of successively higher pH are used to elute the amino acids from one column, while a still higher pH buffer is used to separate basic amino acids on a shorter column. From Robyt and White.13...

Newman, M. S. Reactions of acetylenic compounds catalyzed by sulfonated polystyrene resins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75,4740-4742. 

The degree of swelling is very much dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the resin matrix and on the degree of cross-linking. The more cross-linked the resin is, the smaller is the degree of the swelling. However, if cross-linking does not exist, the resin can swell without limit in aqueous solutions (e.g., non cross-linked sulfonic polystyrene resin). 

Newman introduced a new hydration catalyst prepared by impregnating Dowex 50, a sulfonated polystyrene resin, with mercuric sulfate. A stirred mixture of 39 g. of 1-ethynylcyclohexanol (1), 100 ml. of acetic acid, 10 ml. of water, and 20 g. of... 

Reichenberg, D. McCauley, D.J. Cation exchange equilibria on sulfonated polystyrene resins of varying degrees of crosslinking. J. Chem. Soc. 1955, 2741. 

Figure 3.16 Determination of amino acid composition. Different amino acids in a peptide hydrolysate can be separated by ion-exchange chromatography on a sulfonated polystyrene resin (such as Dowex-SO). Buffers (in this case, sodium citrate) of increasing pH are used to elute the amino acids from the column. The amount of each amino acid present is determined from ihe absorbance. Aspartate, which has an acidic side chain, is first to emerge, whereas arginine, which has a basic side chain, is the last. The original peptide is revealed to be composed of one aspartate, one alanine, one phenylalanine, one arginine, and two glycine residues.

F. W. E. Strelow, R. Rethemeyer, and C. J. C. Bothma, Ion exchange selectivity scales for cations in nitric acid and sulfuric acid with a sulfonated polystyrene resin. Ana/. Chem., 31. 106. 196. 

IR-1 (V4). The Dp values for Dowex 50, a typical sulfonated polystyrene resin, have been shown by Boyd and Soldano (B7) to depend greatly upon the extent of cross-linking as determined by the divinylbenzene (DVB) content of the resin. For 8% DVB, the Dp values are similar to Amberlite IR-1. For 12% DVB, the usual commercial grade, self-diffusion... 

Figu re 10.4 Modified conventional sulfonated polystyrene resins. 

Partial sulfonation under mild conditions has been reported to improve the activity and selectivity for some processes [66-69], Thus, for the esterification of dodecanoic acid with 3-phenylpropan-l-ol in water, sulfonated polystyrene resins with low substitution degrees gave better results than those with higher loadings [69], It was suggested that conventional acidic ion exchange resins are too... 

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