Polystyrene sulfone preparation

Catalysis by an Acidic Resin (5).- The resin (Dowex-50,200-400 mesh or comparable sulfonated polystyrene) is prepared for use by suspending it in dilute sulfuric acid, followed by many washings with water (and decantation of the wash), and air drying for several days. 

Serizawa and Akashi [95] analyzed the monolayer adsorption of polystyrene latex particles with cationic polyvinylamine grafted on their surface, while Serizawa et al. [96,97] used commercial anionic latex particles. Both types of particles were adsorbed on polyelectrolyte-coated substrates previously prepared by alternating adsorption of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes such as polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt (PSS) according to the method described by Decher [164]. Using... 

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 15-60 g in 20% sorbitol suspension enterally. As an enema, prepare 50 g in 70% sorbitol plus 100 mL tap water. This solution should be retained for 30-60 min... 

Several strategies to immobilize the p-oxo catalysts on an electrode surface or in a membrane have been employed. However, no available data about their efficiency as modified electrodes for water oxidation have been given.482-486 It should be noted that [ (bpy)2RuIII(OH2) 2(M C))]4+ is also an excellent electrocatalyst for oxidation of chloride to chlorine (better than for the oxidation of H20 into 02) at 1.20 V vs. SCE in 0.05 M HC1 solution,487 or at a modified electrode prepared by incorporation of the complex by ion-exchange into polystyrene sulfonate or Nafion films.482,4 8... 

Arakawa, R. Watanabe, S. Fukuo, T. Effects of Sample Preparation on MALDl-TOF Mass Spectra for Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1999, iJ, 1059-1062. 

In the polymer prepared at -78°, the R value is nearly one and so almost the only sequence present is SMS. This enables this assignment to be made with confidence. The homopolymer type sequence, —MMM—, can be assigned by reference to the paper of Coleman, et a. ( ) on polychloroprene, to which we have already made reference. The sequences MMS and SMM can be assigned as shown by appealing to chemical shift rules similar to those we have already discussed for polystyrene sulfone ... 

Seven polystyrene latexes prepared with persulfate initiator and bicarbonate buffer were characterized to demonstrate the efficacy of this method (6). Three were monodisperse latexes prepared using conventional emulsifiers four were prepared using sodium styrene sulfonate or sodium vinyltoluene sulfonate as canan-omeric emulsifiers. Each latex was subjected to serum replacement with... 

The latexes investigated were the 357 nm Dow monodisperse polystyrene (LS-1010) and two polydisperse polystyrene latexes prepared in our laboratory (2) where the concentration of functional monomer, Cops II (Alcolac-ammonium salt of a short chain vinyl sulfonate), added to the recipe was 10 3 and 10 -M for and C, respectively. 

Polyallylamine (Mw = 70 000 g/mol) and polystyrene sulfonate (M, = 70 000 g/mol) were obtained from Aldrich. PAH was used as received, while PSS was purified from low molecular weight impurities by dialysis (Polyether-sulfone membranes, MW cut off 10 000 g/mol, Millipore) against ultra pure water and freeze dried. All water used for preparing solutions or for dialysis was purified by a Purelab Plus UV/UF, Elga Lab Water system and had a resistivity smaller than 0.055 xS/cm and a total organic content between 2 and 12 ppb (parts per billion). 

Lightly sulfonated polystyrenes were prepared by solution... 

The sodium polystyrene sulfonate, average molecular weight approximately 50,000 and 500,000 (Versa-Tl-50 and 500, respectively), was kindly donated by the National Starch and Chemical Corporation. It was prepared for use as described in an earlier paper (7). The standard NaOH was Fisher Certified Reagent. 

Simple diols have been subjected to the pinacol rearrangement in the presence of Amberlyst 15, a polystyrene sulfonic resin with a high concentration of acidic centers. When excess catalyst is used (g catalyst/g diol = 1.25) pinacol gives 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone in near quantitative yield (batch reactor, 373 K, 2 h) [33]. Of the two isomeric ketones 3,3-diphenyl-2-butanone (10), formed with phenyl migration, is the sole product when 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-butanediol (9) is reacted (Scheme 6). This feature is very similar to that observed under homogeneous conditions in the presence of sulfuric acid [2]. An arylsulfonic silica catalyst prepared by grafting and sulfonation proved to be less selective [33]. 

Tables 6-9 give the device structures and performance metrics for monochromatic OLEDs that utilize organometallic emitters. Eigures 38-42 show the molecular structures for the various materials used in these devices. White OLEDs have also been prepared with these materials, but these will be discussed in a later section. Light-emitting electrochemical cells are treated in a separate section as well, since the finished devices have different operating characteristics than either of the other solution or vapor processed devices. Table 6 lists devices made solely with discrete molecular materials, while Table 7 gives data for devices made using polymeric materials. The only exception to the use of discrete molecular materials in Table 6 is for devices that use a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate) (PEDOT), as a material to enhance the efficiency for hole injection into the organic layer. The mode of preparation for a given device is listed with the device parameters in the...

Humidity sensors using cross-linked styrene-sulfonate have been developed by Pope [41] using this mechanism. Cross-linked copolymers prepared from styrene-sulfonate are fabricated on polystyrene substrates furnished with Ag electrodes. This sensor responds to water vapor at temperatures below 100 °C and rinsing the element is enough to restore the sensor characteristics in case of contamination. A similar sensor which consists of polystyrene-sulfonate containing 4-10% divinylbenzene, has been developed by Musa [42]. This sensor exhibits extremely low hysteresis, 3% r.h., but the long term stability is poor. 

Polyethylene imine acts as an adhesive layer and polystyrene sulfonate (an anionic polyelectrolyte) has been used according to Scheme 7.3. First a solution containing Au nanorods is prepared using seed-mediated growth. Then, the clean ITO shdes are immersed in polyethyleneimine solution followed by polystyrene sulfonate solution. After rinsing and drying, the slides are immersed in the Au nanorod solution. The Au rods self-assemble and deposit on substrate, as shown in Figure 7.11. 

Table 3.7 Permeability of macroporous and conventional polystyrene sulfonates for methylene blue [356] (the macroporous copolymers were prepared in the presence of 100 %-wt n-heptane)...

Figure 16.2 Dependence of the time of saturation of 50% functional groups with (C4H9)4N ions on the resin water uptake for the sulfonates prepared by crosslinking (1-3) linear polystyrene with (1) 1,4-bis(chloromethyl diphenyl), (2) p-xylylene dichloride, and (3) monochlorodimethyl ether (4) styrene-1 % DVB copolymer crosslinked with 1,4-chloromethyl diphenyl (5) sulfonates based on conventional styrene-DVB copolymers numbers denote the degree of crosslinking. (After [371].)...

Nasef, M.M. and Saidi, H. 2004. Structure of polyethylene-graft-polystyrene sulfonic add membranes prepared by radiation-induced grafting. Int J Polym Mater. 53 1027-1043. 

Since an IPMC functions as a pathway for hydrated cations, its properties will be expected to affect the performance of an IPMC actuator. The membrane materials used in IPMCs have so far been limited to a few commercially available perfluorinated ionic polymers, such as Nafion, and the thickness of the IPMC has also been restricted to the available thickness of the commercial membrane [67]. However, IPMC actuators employing new ionic membranes have now been reported [68]. The membranes are prepared from fluoropolymers grafted with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). IPMCs assembled with these membranes have been shown to exhibit at least several times larger displacements than the Nafion-based IPMC with similar thickness. 

It was mentioned that the properties of the polymer film depend on the type of anion. In Figure 11.20, another RC versus potential diagram is shown for a polypyrrole film prepared by anodic oxidation in a polystyrene-sulfonate electrolyte. The large ion cannot... 

Figure 11.20 High frequency part of capacitance and resistance of a polypyrrole film as function of the potential. The film was prepared by anodic oxidation in a polystyrene-sulfonate electrolyte. Additionally, the cyclic voltammogram is shown, whereby the film becomes electron conducting at more positive potentials (E > -0.5 V) and ion conducting at negative potentials (E < —0.8 V).

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