Polystyrene sulfonic acid membrane

Yu, J., Yi, B., Xing, D., Liu, R, Shao, Z. and Fu, Y. 2003. Degradation mechanism of polystyrene sulfonic acid membrane and application of its composite membranes in fuel cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 5 611-615. 

Bae B, Ha HY, Kim D (2006) Nafion-graft-polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. J Membr Sci 276 51-58... 

Nasef, M.M., Saidi, H. and Dahlan, K.Z.M. 2010b. Radiation grafted polyfvinylidene fluoride)-gra -polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes for fuel cells Structure-property relationships. Chin.. 1. Pohm. Sci. 28 761-770. 

Bozkurt A (2005) Anhydrous proton conductive polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes. Turk J Chem 29 117-123... 

M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, H.M. Nor and M.A. Yarmo, XPS studies of radiation grafted PTFE-g-polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 76, 336 (2000). 

Very early hydrocarbon-based membranes tested as electrolytes in PEMECs for Gemini space missions, such as sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde resins, sulfonated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) copolymers, and grafted polystyrene sulfonic acid membranes, were chemically weak, and therefore PEMFCs using these membranes showed poor performance and had only lifetimes of several hundred hours (LaConti et al. 2003). Nafion , a PESA membrane, was developed in the mid-1960s by DuPont (LaConti et al. 2003). It is based on an aliphatic perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, and exhibited excellent physical properties and oxidative stability in both wet and dry states. A PEMEC stack using Nafion 120 (250- tm thickness, equivalent weight = 1,200) achieved continuous operation for 60,000 h at 43-82°C (LaConti et al. 2003, 2006). A Nafion -based PEMFC was used for the NASA 30-day Biosatellite space mission (LaConti et al. 2003). 

Proton conductivity as a function of lEC for ETFE-g-PSSA = polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene-gra/t-polystyrene sulfonic acid, BAM membrane = substituted poly(trifluorostyrene) sulfonic acid, SPEEK = sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and Nafion. (From Peckham, T. J. et al. 2007. Journal of Materials Chemistry 17 3255-3268, and Dolye, M. et al. 2001. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 105 9387-9394.)... 

S. Tran, L. Dammak, C. Larchet and B. Auclair, Bi-ionic potential through a cation exchange membrane separating two electrolytes at different concentrations, Electro-chim. Acta, 1999, 44, 2515-2521 M. Tasaka and H. Sugioka, Dependence on salt concentration of bi-ionic potential across polystyrene sulfonic-acid-type membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 1988, 38, 27-37. 

Kusomoto, K., T. Sata, and Y. Mizutani. 1976. Modification of anion-exchange membranes with polystyrene sulfonic acid. Polym. J. fi 225-226. 

Polymeric materials, because of their low weight and ease of fabrication, have been investigated as electrolytes for lithium batteries. Early investigations included ion-excbange membranes, such as polystyrene sulfonic acid. However, it was found that in the dry state, the conductivity of these materials was extremely low ohm -cm ), and the addition of aprotic solvents, such as propylene... 

Since an IPMC functions as a pathway for hydrated cations, its properties will be expected to affect the performance of an IPMC actuator. The membrane materials used in IPMCs have so far been limited to a few commercially available perfluorinated ionic polymers, such as Nafion, and the thickness of the IPMC has also been restricted to the available thickness of the commercial membrane [67]. However, IPMC actuators employing new ionic membranes have now been reported [68]. The membranes are prepared from fluoropolymers grafted with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). IPMCs assembled with these membranes have been shown to exhibit at least several times larger displacements than the Nafion-based IPMC with similar thickness. 

The objective of this chapter is to review the latest progress in the preparation of radiation-grafted PEMs for fuel cells using EB. In particular, the results associated with the preparation and the properties of two types of membranes having polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) grafted to poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films are reviewed. The fundamentals of RIG operation with EB accelerators are also briefly reviewed to furnish a clear understanding of the mechanism of PEM formation and how membrane composition and, consequently, their properties can be controlled. 

S.D. Flint, R.C.T. Slade, Investigation of radiation-grafted PVDF-g-polystyrene- sulfonic-acid ion exchange membranes for use in hydrogen oxygen fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 97 (1-4) (1997)299-307. 

Polyvinylidene fluoride, is a fluorinated semi-crystalline thermoplastic which has a continuous use service temperature of up to 150 °C and a very low dielectric constant. Current manufacturers include Arkema which has become legally separated from its former owner. Total. PVDF applications include its use as fuel cell membrane material, film material in capacitors and as electrolyte material in sodium sulfur batteries. In the US, NASA has employed a crosslinked polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA)/PVDF composite as a PEM. 

It is clearly seen from the characterization results that (1) the chemical stability of the polystyrene sulfonic acid blends is in the blend much higher than in the pine polymers due to acid-base cross-linking, (2) the radical stability of the blend membranes is higher than that of pure B4 which is again due to the ionical cross-linking, and (3) the radical stability of the S4b blend membrane is much better compared to that of the S4b blend membrane. The better radical stability of the B4S4b blend can also be seen... 

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