Standard system

The characteristic isotherm concept was elaborated by de Boer and coworkers [90]. By accepting a reference from a BET fit to a standard system and assuming a density for the adsorbed film, one may convert n/rim to film thickness t. The characteristic isotherm for a given adsorbate may then be plotted as t versus P/P. For any new system, one reads t from the standard r-curve and n from the new isotherm, for various P/P values. De Boer and co-work-ers t values are given in Table XVII-4. A plot of t versus n should be linear if the experimental isotherm has the same shape as the reference characteristic isotherm, and the slope gives E ... 

Consensus standards are the key to the voluntary standards system because acceptance and use of such standards foUow direcdy from the need for them and from the involvement in their development of all those who share that need. Consensus standards must be produced by a body selected, organized, and conducted in accordance with due process procedures. AH parties or stakeholders are iavolved in the development of the standard and substantial agreement is reached according to the judgment of a properly constituted review board. Other aspects of due process involve proper issuance of notices, record keeping, baHoting, and attention to minority opinion. 

The Uoluntay Standards System ofi the United States ofiMmerica—Mn Appraisal by the American Societyfor Testing and Materials, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1975. 

International Organization for Standardization, Systems—Modelfor Quality Mssurance in Production and Installation, ISO 9000 1994,... 

Fig. 3. Standard system of pressure measurement (3), where the bold line represents standard atmospheric pressure at sea level.

Years of development have led to a standardized system for objective evaluation of fabric hand (129). This, the Kawabata evaluation system (KES), consists of four basic testing machines a tensile and shear tester, a bending tester, a compression tester, and a surface tester for measuring friction and surface roughness. To complete the evaluation, fabric weight and thickness are determined. The measurements result in 16 different hand parameters or characteristic values, which have been correlated to appraisals of fabric hand by panels of experts (121). Translation formulas have also been developed based on required levels of each hand property for specific end uses (129). The properties include stiffness, smoothness, and fullness levels as well as the total hand value. In more recent years, abundant research has been documented concerning hand assessment (130—133). 

Since the valve body is a pressurized vessel, it is usually designed to comply with a standardized system of pressure ratings. Two common systems are described in the standards ANSI BIG.34 and DIN 2401. 

NFPA Standard System for Identification of Health, Flammahility,... 

NFPA Standard System for Identification of Health, Flammability, Reactivity, and Related Hazards (NFPA 704, Chaps. 2-5, 1990. This printed material is not the complete and official position of the National Fire Protection Association on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety.)... 

Fig. 6.5. The shock-compression conditions imposed on powder compacts preserved for post-shock analysis are controlled by details of the shock-recovery fixtures. In all the work of Chap. 6, the Sandia Bear and Bertha fixtures are used. The fixtures represent a standardized system that is highly reproducible and has been subject to extensive numerical simulation.

The section describes the first lADC standardized system for dull grading natural diamond, PDC, and TSP (thermally stable polycrystalline diamond) bits, otherwise known as fixed cutter bits [55]. The new system is consistent with the recently revised dull grading system for roller bits. It describes the condition of the cutting structure, the primary (with location) and secondary dull characteristics, the gage condition, and the reason the bit was pulled. 

The Munsell book standards corresponding to the limiting colors may even serve as material standards for industrial color control. In a material standard system the sample is compared with a standard by eye without the use of any meter or optical instrument. The success and popularity of these systems are largely due to their simplicity of application. The ability of the human eye to compensate for various illuminants and surroundings makes it possible for this system to give results even under mediocre conditions. The most critical work with material standards requires carefully controlled observing conditions. 

Until about the 1970s, much of the CVD equipment for semiconductor applications was designed and built in-house and a CVD equipment industry was still embryonic. Since then, there has been a considerable shift to standardized systems built by specialized equipment manufacturers particularly for the semiconductor industry, and today sophisticated production and test equipment is readily available. 

Once this fact was rccdized, it was understood that an average of what each person saw would have to be made if a standard system weis to be formed and promulgated. This led to the concept of the "Standard Observer". Thus, the research required to define and measure color took a completely different path from the original methods such as the Munsell Color Tree. 

The techniques and different approaches used in microbial transformations have been mentioned and reviewed by several authors [1,4,11,13-17]. The compounds can be metabolized by using either different pure enzymes or simply cultivated microbial whole cells [18-22]. A more general scheme is shown in Fig. 2 for the development of a standard system. 

It seems that Au ions of Au(OH) Cl4 complex, formed by the first aging at room temperature, are reduced to Au particles by electron transfer from the coordinated OH ions on the surface of hematite as a catalyst of the electron transfer. As a consequence, the essential reducing agent is water. The optimum pH to yield the maximum quantity of Au particles was ca. pH 5.9, as measured at room temperature, corresponding to the pH of the above standard system. Au ions are reduced to metallic Au by electron transfer from coordinated OH ions on the surfaces of hematite particles through their catalytic action. 

It is our opinion that, among isotropic systems, alongside the standard octanol-water, the alkane-water system (partihoning between water and different alkanes is relahvely independent of the alkane used [14]) is the only system that can be successfuUy used in ADMET predichon, because of its completely different nature from octanol-water. The situahon is much more confused for arhsohopic systems (see Ref. [7] for a brief review) since no standard system has been defined to date. 

Legrand, H.E. (1980). A standardized system for evaluating waste disposal sites. National Water Well Association, Washington, DC. 

A strain is a pure culture containing only the descendants of a single parent cell since there is no standardized system for giving numbers to strains, each laboratory uses its own system. Many strains of bacteria are maintained for study in international culture collections but some bacteria have not yet been grown in the absence of other organisms. 

Integration of strategies to minimize pathogen transfer risk during processing into organic and low input standard systems... 

In the mid-IR, routine infrared spectroscopy nowadays almost exclusively uses Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometers. This principle is a standard method in modem analytical chemistry45. Although some efforts have been made to design ultra-compact FT-IR spectrometers for use under real-world conditions, standard systems are still too bulky for many applications. A new approach is the use of micro-fabrication techniques. As an example for this technology, a miniature single-pass Fourier transform spectrometer integrated on a 10 x 5 cm optical bench has been demonstrated to be feasible. Based upon a classical Michelson interferometer design, all... 

ANSI, Overview of the U.S. Standardization System, 2nd edition, ANSI, NY, 2007. 

U S. Department of Defense, MIL-STD-882-C, "Military Standard System Safety Program Requirements," Washington, DC, January 1993. 

The performance of the BioCD under assay conditions has been tested using several gold standard systems. These are assays of anti-rabbit and anti-mouse IgG systems, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and haptoglobin. Incubations have been performed under equilibrium conditions without transport limitation, and also under transient conditions as ambient assays that are diffusion limited. Ambient assays are performed in practice, while equilibrium assays provide more information about the performance of the antibodies and provides a quantitative estimate for equilibrium dissociation constants. 

Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response... 

Russia (U.S.S.R.) GOST 12.1.010-76. Occupational Safety Standards System, Explosion Safety. General Requirements. State Standards Committee of the USSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1984. 

---