System of standards

This system of national standards of traeeability envisages existence of metrologieal maintenance for measuring faeilities and NDT equipment both during their produetion and in the process of their serviee. This system of standards embraces standards which stipulate ... 

When illegal residues have been found in monitoring studies conducted by the FDA or USD A, the reason has often been that no U.S. tolerance had been requested for that particular pesticide in that specific crop. For example, an imported crop would be deemed to be adulterated and would be seized at the port of entry into the United States if found to contain a pesticide residue in the absence of a tolerance in that crop. This is so even if tolerances have been set for the same pesticide in several crops grown in the United States and the pesticide had been used to control a pest that does not exist in the United States. Furthermore, an international maximum residue level (MRL) might already have been estabUshed for that pesticide—crop combination under the Codex system of standards for food of importance in international trade. The U.S. GAO issued two reports on food safety and pesticides in 1991 (89,90). 

Vaupel, S. 2001. The International System of Standards and Conformity Assessment. IFOAM, Tholey-Theley, Germany... 

An important issue in the boundary-layer problem, and in differential-algebraic equations generally, is the specification of consistent initial conditions. We think first of the physical problem (not in Von Mises form), since the inlet profiles of u, v, and T, as well as pressure p, must be specified. However, all the initial conditions are not independent, as they would be for a system of standard-form ordinary differential equations. So assuming that the axial velocity u and temperature T profiles are specified, the radial velocity must be required to satisfy certain constraints. 

Many chemical-kinetics problems, such as the homogeneous mass-action kinetics problems discussed in Section 16.1, are easily posed as a system of standard-form ordinary differential equations (ODE),... 

The internal standard ratio method for quench correction is tedious and time-consuming and it destroys the sample, so it is not an ideal method. Scintillation counters are equipped with a standard radiation source inside the instrument but outside the scintillation solution. The radiation source, usually a gamma emitter, is mechanically moved into a position next to the vial containing the sample, and the combined system of standard and sample is counted. Gamma rays from the standard excite solvent molecules in the sample, and the scintillation process occurs as previously described. However, the instrument is adjusted to register only scintillations due to y particle collisions with solvent molecules. This method for quench correction, called the external standard method, is fast and precise. 

The problem of retrieving the x,(t) values at any time moment in the interval of observations [0, T is reduced to a simple Cauchy problem for the system of standard equations. The only obstacle to its solution is the uncertainty of coefficients and btj. In this case we follow a traditional course that is, we measure the deviation between calculated x (ts) and measured x,(/,.) values ... 

Heterocyclic natural products represent particular challenges to organic synthesis, because a building block system of standard reactions often fails. The five so far completed total syntheses of spirotryprostatin B (2, Figure 1) described below have been developed by leading groups in the field and outline the difficulties involved when dealing with heterocycles. 

The Federal Standards and Rules (FSR) form the upper regulatory level in the Gosatomnadzor s system of standard documentation. 

Management Directives (MDs) represent the bottom hierarchic level in the Gosatomnadzor s system of standard docmnentation. MDs determine the procedme of Gosatomnadzor s interfaces with the license applicant and the licensee for one or another type of activity and regulate the activities of Gosatomnadzor s structural subdivisions and its specialists. 

The point to be made is that civilization as we know it today would collapse without a system of standards. 

Studies with model systems of standard solutions of components in water using the same isolation procedure outlined by the authors for the tomato (2) showed satisfactory recoveries of most tomato volatiles. A few compounds gave unacceptable recoveries for the 1 hour sweeping period used. These were 2-phenylethanol which gave a 3 recovery (relative to anethole) and eugenol which gave a 0.55S recovery (relative to anethole) for the 1 hour sweep period. ... 

For centuries, units of measurement were fairly inexact. A person might mark off the boundaries of a property by walking and counting the number of steps. The passage of time could be estimated with a sundial or an hourglass filled with sand. Such estimates worked for ordinary tasks. Scientists, however, need to report data that can be reproduced by other scientists. They need standard units of measurement. In 1795, French scientists adopted a system of standard units called the metric system. In 1960, an international committee of scientists met to update the metric system. The revised system is called the Systeme Internationale d Unites, which is abbreviated SI. 

Nyholm N (1991) The european system of standardized legal tests for assesing the biodegradability of chemicals. Env Technol 8t Chem 10 1237-1246... 

For gas and non-polar substances is used a symmetric system of standard states, in which activity, equal 1, is attributed to their pxire form. 

Polar hydrophilic components are represented in solution by ions, which do not exist in pure form. So, for them is used an unsymmetric system of standards where activity equal 1 in pure form has only the solvent. For the dissolved ions as standard state are accepted their hypothetical single-molar solutions with properties of infinitely diluted one. In particular, the concentration of polar component under standard conditions is characterized by values not of the partial pressure but of molality C° = 1 mole kg. ... 

The cost (operating costs that are controllable at the plant level) portion of the standards amounted for about 30 percent of the costs while the raw materials amounted to nearly 70 percent of the costs. By using both of these methods, the system of standards dealt with the total costs for running an operation. At this point, the purchase price of the raw materials was used as the standard since purchasing was handled by a centralized purchasing organization. The plant had no control over the price paid for raw materials the only costs they could control were the operating costs determined by the efficiency of the plant. 

The system of regulatory documents on nuclear power plant safety is complemented by the system of state standards developed and established by the State Committee on Standards (Gosstandart of the USSR). The system of standards extends the system of regulatory documents by ensuring nuclear plant safety through establishing requirements for many components, materials, processes, etc. 

Adopting a system of standard specification, practices and design results in a number of advantages ... 

State eight advantages for adopting a system of standard specification. 

Fisure I. Pressure profile of single and two-layer systems of standard and novel bandages... 

Robinson, P.G. Odell, A.L. A system of standard retention indices and its uses. The characterization of stationary phases and the prediction of retention indices. J. Chromatogr. 1971, 57, 1-10. 

The ATS-150 is equipped with a system for radioactive waste treatment, an auxiliary feed water system, and other supporting systems of standard design ensuring appropriate operation of a nuclear power plant. 

It is necessary to introduce durability requirements to the standards related to concrete-like materials. Durability may be defined as a basic performance in a similar way as strength, stability and serviceability that are covered by present standards. Current practice shows that it is impossible to ensure durability by a system of multiple descriptive standards. The system of standards for durability should be developed and completed in the near future. 

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