Evaluation Objectives

Years of development have led to a standardized system for objective evaluation of fabric hand (129). This, the Kawabata evaluation system (KES), consists of four basic testing machines a tensile and shear tester, a bending tester, a compression tester, and a surface tester for measuring friction and surface roughness. To complete the evaluation, fabric weight and thickness are determined. The measurements result in 16 different hand parameters or characteristic values, which have been correlated to appraisals of fabric hand by panels of experts (121). Translation formulas have also been developed based on required levels of each hand property for specific end uses (129). The properties include stiffness, smoothness, and fullness levels as well as the total hand value. In more recent years, abundant research has been documented concerning hand assessment (130—133). 

Color Difference Evaluation. Shade evaluation is comparable in importance to relative strength evaluation for dyes. This is of interest to both dye manufacturer and dye user for purposes of quaUty control. Objective evaluation of color differences is desirable because of the well-known variabihty of observers. A considerable number of color difference formulas that intend to transform the visually nonuniform International Commission on Illumination (CIE) tristimulus color space into a visually uniform space have been proposed over the years. Although many of them have proven to be of considerable practical value (Hunter Lab formula, Friele-MacAdam-Chickering (FMC) formula, Adams-Nickerson formula, etc), none has been found to be satisfactorily accurate for small color difference evaluation. Correlation coefficients for the correlation between average visually determined color difference values and those based on measurement and calculation with a formula are typically of a magnitude of approximately 0.7 or below. In the interest of uniformity of international usage, the CIE has proposed two color difference formulas (CIELAB and CIELUV) one of which (CIELAB) is particularly suitable for appHcation on textiles (see Color). 

Objective Evaluation of Color. In recent years a method has been devised and internationally adopted (International Commission on Illumination, I.C.I.) that makes possible objective specification of color in terms of equivalent stimuli. It provides a common language for description of the color of an object illuminated by a standard illuminant and viewed by a standard observer (H). Reflectance spectro-photometric curves, such as those described above, provide the necessary data. The results are expressed in one of two systems the tristimulus system in which the equivalent stimulus is a mixture of three standard primaries, or the heterogeneous-homogeneous system in which the equivalent stimulus is a mixture of light from a standard heterogeneous illuminant and a pure spectrum color (dominant wave-length-purity system). These systems provide a means of expressing the objective time-constant spectrophotometric results in numerical form, more suitable for tabulation and correlation studies. In the application to food work, the necessary experimental data have been obtained with spectrophotometers or certain photoelectric colorimeters. 

An environmental audit is a systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how well environmental orgaifizafion, management and equipment are performing. The aim is to help safeguard the environment by ... 

Mizumura S, Nakagawara J, Takahashi M, Kumita S, Cho K, Nakajo H, Toba M, KumazaM T. Three-dimensional display in staging hemodynamic brain ischemia for jet study objective evaluation using see analysis and 3d-ssp display. Ann Nucl Med 2004 18 13-21. 

Stefanis etal.J Alexander etal./ Baitz etalJ and Sugiyama etal. ° and so forth likewise presented the coupling of LCA and economic evaluation with a multi-objective evaluation to aid process design and development. 

Following treatment, evaluate the goals of therapy versus the response that was achieved. Was there response to treatment or progression of disease If the patient is being treated with supportive care, then alleviation of symptoms and improvement in quality of life should be of primary importance. Be sure to document objective evaluations of the outcome in the care plan. 

K.A. Rao, E. Yazaki, D. F. Evans and R. Carbon, Objective evaluation of small bowel and colonic transit time using pH telemetry in athletes with gastrointestinal symptoms. J. Sports Med. 38, 482-487... 

Consider, in general, the overall problem consisting of m balances and divide it into m smaller subproblems, that is, we will be processing one equation at a time. Then, after the i th balance has been processed, a new value of the least squares objective (test function) can be computed. Let J, denote the value of the objective evaluated after the i th equation has been considered. The approach for the detection of a gross error in this balance is based on the fact that fa is a random variable whose probability distribution can be calculated. 

In order to assist the industry in establishing suitable odour reducing processes, odour measurements are performed at our institute. Olfactometry is useful for objective evaluation of odour levels and for characterization of certain odours, often in combination with gas chromatography. 

Sensory methods have the ability to detect spoilage of either cooked or raw products. Because of this advantage, sensory methods are used as standards by agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for regulatory purposes. The shortcomings of such procedures are the subjective nature of the evaluations, which typically causes greater deviation than objective evaluations, and the need for trained evaluators. 

Hazard is the ability of a chemical agent to cause injury in a given situation or setting the conditions of use and exposure are primary considerations. To assess hazard, one needs to have knowledge about both the inherent toxicity of the substance and the amounts to which individuals are liable to be exposed. Humans may be able to use potentially toxic substances when the necessary conditions minimizing absorption are established and respected. However, hazard is often a description based on subjective estimates rather than objective evaluation. 

Establishing methods for the ongoing objective evaluation of the performance of systems and processes including quality auditing... 

Utility tests. By definition, these are actual food formulations copying accepted food preparations. As mentioned above, when Model Tests are designed, the range of products undergoing the test should be wide enough to include some failures. In some cases, a Utility Test is employed that substitutes objective evaluation systems for sensory ones. This reduces the time of the test and its cost. However, only those objective tests previously found to be well correlated with sensory tests should be employed. Eventually a sensory test has to be performed. No food product should be marketed without a final utility test employing subjective evaluations. 

In a previous section some general functional properties that are commonly looked for in protein products were classified according to physico-chemical properties. In this section, the general methodology for the objective evaluation (excluding sensory subjective methods), of these properties will be outlined. 

Some alternative healers and herbalists are exploring possible uses for Salvia. The problems in objectively evaluating such efforts and sorting the wheat from the chaff are considerable. 

While the visual judgement of black is influenced by the individual ability of the observer to distinguish small color differences in deep black, it is possible, with the help of photometric measurements, to graphically interpret objective evaluations by means of physical data [3.194]. 

Toxicity is objectively evaluated on the basis of test dosages made on experimental animals under controlled conditions. Most important of these are LD50 (lethal dose. 50%) and the LCsc (lethal concentration, 50%) tests, which include exposure of the animal to oral ingestion and inhalation of the material under test. A substance having an LD50 of less than 400 mg/kg of body weight is considered very toxic. 

Dow s Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis Program provides a step-by-step, objective evaluation of the realistic fire, explosion, and reactivity potential of process equipment and its contents. The procedure allows calculation of the damage that would probably result from, and the areas which could be exposed to, fire or explosion generated in the process unit being evaluated. Management can then decide unit spacing needed to protect people from injury and to keep potential property and equipment damage to acceptable levels. 

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