Fabricated weight

Colorless dyes of the chlorinated diphenyl ether—ureasulfonic acid type (Mitin [3567-25-7] (158)) and the (polychloro-2-chloromethylsulfonamido)-diphenyl ether type (Eulan (159)) appHed at 1—3% of the fabric weight are the most widely used during the fabrication of woolens. They cannot be removed by dry cleaning and provide protection from fabric pests over the lifetime of the product. 

Fabric weights range from 50 to 5000 g/m, and needling densities range from fewer than a hundred to several thousand penetrations per square centimeter. 

Stitchbonded fabrics ate used in home furnishings, footwear, filtration, packaging, and coating. Machine widths ate in the 2-m range fabric weights range from about 75—250 g/m. A variation of stitchbonding is used to make multiaxial-layeted yam and yam-and-sheet stmctures for composite material reinforcement substrates. 

Years of development have led to a standardized system for objective evaluation of fabric hand (129). This, the Kawabata evaluation system (KES), consists of four basic testing machines a tensile and shear tester, a bending tester, a compression tester, and a surface tester for measuring friction and surface roughness. To complete the evaluation, fabric weight and thickness are determined. The measurements result in 16 different hand parameters or characteristic values, which have been correlated to appraisals of fabric hand by panels of experts (121). Translation formulas have also been developed based on required levels of each hand property for specific end uses (129). The properties include stiffness, smoothness, and fullness levels as well as the total hand value. In more recent years, abundant research has been documented concerning hand assessment (130—133). 

Woolen yams caimot be spun as fine as worsted yams, even when using the same fiber diameter. The fabric weights are greater and they have a harsher feel. For these reasons woolen products have not been able to foUow the modem trend to smoother lightweight clothing as easily as their worsted counterparts. 

Scouring may be conducted on jigs, boil-off machines, or kettles, depending on fabric weight, constmction, and crease tendency ia the rope form. A combination of a synthetic detergent and soda ash is usually used and scouring is conducted at 85—100°C. Certain nylon blends may require less stringent conditions and the use of less alkaline builders, such as tetrasodium pyrophosphate. 

To reduce weight, improve pliability and low-volume storage, and save costs, there are trends to reduce the fabric weight while preserving the properties. 

Factors Affecting Performance. The flame resistance of a textile fiber is affected by the chemical nature of the fiber, its ease of combustion, the fabric weight and construction, the efficiency of the flame retardant, the environment, and laundering conditions. 

Materials. The modern silk fabric tested was Testfabrics style 607 broadcloth, degummed but undyed and unbleached. The fabric yarn was 140/2 cotton count and the warp and filling threads/0.01 m are 40 and 33, respectively. Fabric weight was approximately 56 gm/m. ... 

The regulation addresses the sensitivity of this test method to fabric weight (or areal density) by providing that fabrics with an areal density exceeding 88.3 g/m2 (2.6oz/yd2) are permitted to be excluded from testing. These are considered too heavy to ignite under the test conditions ... 

A high blow ratio Is desired since this creates a large volume of foam with respect to the solids. This serves to minimize variation In dry solids add-on due to variances In knife setting or non-uniform pressure between the two horizontal pad rolls. However, the apparent viscosity of the foamed composition Is directly proportional to Its blow ratio (Figure 5) and the fabric weight and construction will dictate the best coating viscosity for that particular fabric. 

In batch processes, the amount of chemical finish to be applied is usually expressed as a weight percentage based on the original fabric weight. This relationship is often abbreviated as % owf (percent on weight of fabric) or % owg (percent on weight of goods) as seen in Equation 2.1 ... 

For example, if a softener is to be applied at 3 % owf to 500 kg of fabric, then 15 kg of softener will be used (3 % of 500 kg). It must be recognised that since nearly all chemical finishes are provided as an aqueous solution or emulsion, a knowledge of the actual solids concentration of the supplied chemical is needed to determine the actual increase in fabric weight after drying. 

Fabrics are abraded on a specified apparatus. Fabric weight loss due to the abrasion is determined. 

Many factors influence the flammability of textiles, including the fibre type, the fabric weight and construction, the method of ignition, the extent of heat and material exchange, and the presence or absence of flame retardants. Differing... 

STANTEX WEIGHTER 4445 should be Stirred before adding it to the pad bath or finish make-up tank. It should be added to the finish liquor at a charge of 5 to 10 weight percent depending upon the fabric weight gain desired. 

Chelation of various elements occurs over different pH ranges. Use levels of 0.1 to 1.0% on fabric weight are common. 

The total content of oils, fats and waxes on fabrics can be extracted with 1,1,1-trichloroethane using the Soxhlet extractor. By comparing the fabric weight before and after extraction, the weight percentage of oils, fats and waxes can be easily calculated. It was reported that supercritical CO can be used instead of the toxic organic solvent to extract the commercial finishes from polyester, nylon and polypropylene fibres. ... 

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