Standards for hydrogen systems

Canadian interests span into hydrogen production, delivery and utilization, primarily in fuel cell applications in transportation, stationary and portable systems. Furthermore, codes and standards for hydrogen systems are an important area of activity. The range of future electrical requirements for early adopters, such as the military, is very wide with numerous applications for various electrically powered systems. The introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier into the commercial and military sector offer similar and sometimes unique challenges in all the areas discussed. 

Norway is a member of the ISO/TC-197 group, developing standards for hydrogen systems. 

NASA, Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems, Report NSS 1740.16, Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, Washington, 1997, Chap. 2. 

The need to develop codes and standards for hydrogen devices, production technologies, and logistic systems that... 

Most flavourings are complex mixtures of many compounds. As IRMS makes only sense with pure analytes, a strict purification of individual substances is indispensable. Therefore GC-IRMS has been further developed and optimised to multi-compound isotope ratio analysis by its coupling IRMS to capillary (c) and multidimensional (MD) gas chromatography (see 6.2.2.2.2). This methodology demands a strict intrinsic control and standardisation [340] apart from the international standards (see Table 6.3) also secondary standards like the polyethylene foil IAEA-CH7 or the NBS22 oil are available from the IAEA in Vieima. However, as these substances are also not suitable for the direct standardisation of data from a coupled GC system for flavour isotope analysis, certificated tertiary laboratory standards for hydrogen have been developed by parallel analysis of flavour compounds by TC/EA-IRMS and MDGC-P-IRMS [210]. 

G-5.4 Standard for Hydrogen Piping Systems at Consumer Locations... 

The ICC process has recently brought a number of associations that serve the petroleum and natural gas industries to the fold, all in support of developing codes and standards for hydrogen energy systems. 

G-5.4 Standard for Hydrogen Piping at Consumer Locations. Recommended specifications and general principles for gaseous (Type 1) or liquid (Type 2) hydrogen on site, from point where hydrogen enters distribution system to the final use point (13 pages). 

Gregory, E D. Safety standard for hydrogen and hydrogen systems, February 12, 1997. Available at http //www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/doctree/can celedZ871916.pdf (accessed March 21, 2013). 

Table 21.6 Standard elearode potentials against the standard hydrogen electrode for inorganic systems at 25°Ct...

The standard emf series based on hydrogen is obviously not applicable to molten salt electrolysis systems. No emf series similar to that for aqueous systems has been established for molten electrolytes this is due to the nonavailability of accepted standard electrodes and the use of numerous molten electrolytes involving widely differing tamperers, consequent to the widely varying melting temperatures of the salts used. In spite of these, many emf series have been compiled, using a variety of molten salts with different stand-... 

In order to arrive at values of the virtually intrinsic acidity, i.e., an acidity expression independent of the solvent used (Tremillon12 called it the absolute acidity), Schwarzenbach13 used the normal acidity potential as an expression for the potential of a standard Pt hydrogen electrode (1 atm H2), immersed in a solution of the acid and its conjugate base in equal activities analogously to eqn. 2.39 for a redox system and assuming n = 1 for the transfer of one proton, he wrote for the acidity potential... 

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