Cost systems, standard

Table 9-40 is a very simplified presentation. In a full standard costing system, the direct material, direc t labor, and overhead variances are broken down into component pai ts to enable an even closer look at the operation. Standard costing is an invaluable aid to management for controlling a business. 

The certification business has grown enormously in the last ten years. The International Accreditation Forum (lAF) recorded 616 accredited certification bodies in January 1999. The experience of the vehicle manufacturers with ISO 9000 certification led them to question the wisdom of so many certification bodies chasing the same business in a competitive market. The results seemed to indicate that cost reductions by the certification bodies led to a decline in the quality of auditing and that was the opposite of what the vehicle manufacturers wanted. The vehicle manufacturers had not seen a significant rise in product quality as a result of ISO 9000 and they believed this was partially due to the quality of the accreditation and certification schemes being operated as well as inadequacies in the quality system standard. When the four national automotive schemes were launched, great emphasis was placed on regulating more closely the accreditation and certification schemes. From a customer perspective, the ISO 10011 scheme had some particular problems ... 

In 1994, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory [NREL, a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)] performed a cost comparison of PCO versus other air pollution control technologies. It was determined from this study that the cost per standard cubic foot per minute (scfm) increased with contaminant concentration but fluctuated little with fiow rate. For treatment of VOC concentrations above 1000 parts per million (ppm), the PCO systems became expensive relative to other technologies (D130905, p. 3). 

SADARM submunitions are designed to be delivered by any of the artillery weapons already in use, making it a low cost system. The submunitions are packaged in a standard artillery projectile, and is stored, handled, loaded and fired exactly like the artillery rounds now in the field... 

Q, R) model, 1671 QC, see Quality circle QCD (quality, cost, and delivery), 552 QFD, see Quality function deployment QFP (quad flat pack), 424 Q1 teams, see Quality improvement teams Q-leaming, 1780 QLs (query languages), 119 QMS standards, see Quality management systems standards QoS, see Quality of service QR system, see Quick response system QS 9000 standard, 1973 Quad flat pack (QFP), 424 Quadratic programming problems (constrained optimization), 2555, 2562 Quality. See also Rehabihty in advanced planning and scheduling (APS), 2049... 

Evaluation criteria The criteria based on which evaluation is to be carried out are defined at the beginning as part of problem definition. The criteria normally cover the total cost, system performance, and effectiveness. The system performance characteristics (like availability, maintainability, and SIL of shutdown, etc.) and the effectiveness (like production capacity, product quality, etc.) shall be covered. In many cases regulation, codes, and standards specification play a great role at this point. 

Improvement in total assembled costs System cost is key the higher board price is often offset by a lower bUl-of-materials purchased for the system, as fewer standard components are needed. 

The merging of information and communications technologies has supported the growth in supply chain partnerships. These technologies have enabled extensive connectivity. Today s computer networks, open systems standards and the Internet enable people working in different areas of the supply chain to maintain constant contact. Since information transactions have become so easy, there is less of a need to restrict operations to within traditional organizational boundaries. These new capabilities offer the ability for supply chain parmers to share information in real time. This enables the partnering firms to hold lower inventories and incur fewer transactions costs. These lower costs can in turn be passed on to the customer in the form of lower prices and better value. Or alternatively retained as increased profits ... 

This paper also provides the chronological details of the three catalyst systems outlined in Table 3.2 in which the Standard Oil (Indiana) catalyst was the first ethylene polymerization catalyst identified [3]. However, as pointed out by Sailor and Hogan, the Standard Oil catalyst was commercialized more slowly than the other two catalyst types, and because of higher operating costs, the Standard Oil process was shut down in 1973. The other two catalyst systems listed in Table 3.2 accoxmt for most of the polyethylene manufactured today. 

A comparison of the capital and operating costs of a membrane system versus PSA for producing nitrogen was developed by Gollan and Kleper (1986). The results are presented in Table 15-18. The analysis shows that the cost per standard cubic foot of nitrogen produced is the same for both systems, but the capital cost of the PSA system is one-third higher. 

Mitsubishi Eiectric VRF systems are simpie to get up and running. They require oniy one type of copper pipe, reducing weight-based costs and standardizing insuiation requirements. Compact indoor and outdoor units can be transported in standard eievatorswith no need for expensive rigs and iifts or reinf-orcement of roofs or other structures. 

A modular scanner system for NDE has been developed. It consists of a selection of individual electronics and motor module components, supported by scanner configuration and control software. The modules are used as standard building blocks for construction of job specific, dedicated scanners as well and general purpose scanners. The use of modular scanner components significantly reduce the work, time and cost not only for the design and manufacture but also for establishing documentation and ensure compliance with the relevant EU-directive requirements. 

Many compounds explode when triggered by a suitable stimulus however, most are either too sensitive or fail to meet cost and production-scale standards, requirements for safety in transportation, and storage stability. Propellants and explosives in large-scale use are based mosdy on a relatively small number of well-proven iagredients. Propellants and explosives for military systems are manufactured ia the United States primarily ia government owned plants where they are also loaded iato munitions. Composite propellants for large rockets are produced mainly by private iadustry, as are small arms propellants for sporting weapons. 

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