Specific needs

We present the dependability needs and constraints of space systems through a review of the main properties of dependabihty, which are reliability, availability, maintainabihty, and safety. We analyze these properties for each of the main types of space systems in relation to the specific constraints that apply to them. 

Reliability refers to the abiUty of a system to deliver its sendee eorrectly for a given period. 

In practice in the space sector the tenn reliability characterizes what might be called the success of the mission , which is not necessarily, nor even usually, synonymous of continuous operation without failure. This concept is expressed differently depending on the nature of the mission. 

For a launcher, the success of a mission is an essentially binary concept (the mission is successful or not). In addition, the piloting constraints impose an almost continuous operation of the command and control system for which the rehabihty requirements of the launcher will translate directly into a requirement of continuous operation, or with very short recovery (typically in a time corresponding to the tenth of a second), until the end of the mission. The mission duration varies with regards to the launchers and missions, from about 10 minutes to 10 hours (for the launch itself, to which must, however, be added a passivation duration of the orbital stage(s) according to the rules on space debris). Therefore, it is not the length of the mission 

This is a simplified view. In reality the launch will be successful or somewhat degraded by the gap between the injection parameters (altitude, speed) achieved with regards to the objectives. This can be exploited, for example, by setting up degraded steering modes in some cases of anomaly. 

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All these specific needs in this market lead to the metal-ceramic technology as the most economic solution for X-ray tubes. 

Time, Cost, and Equipment Automated chemical kinetic methods of analysis provide a rapid means for analyzing samples, with throughputs ranging from several hundred to several thousand determinations per hour. The initial start-up costs, however, may be fairly high because an automated analysis requires a dedicated instrument designed to meet the specific needs of the analysis. When handled manually, chemical kinetic methods can be accomplished using equipment and instrumentation routinely available in most laboratories. Sample throughput, however, is much lower than with automated methods. 

Whole blood is seldom used ia modem blood transfusion. Blood is separated into its components. Transfusion therapy optimizes the use of the blood components, using each for a specific need. Red cell concentrates are used for patients needing oxygen transport, platelets are used for hemostasis, and plasma is used as a volume expander or a source of proteins needed for clotting of the blood. 

Domestic fuel oils are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successhjlly used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils, ranging from distillates to residual oils, that must be heated to 260°C or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oil consists of residual oil blended with distillate to suit specific needs. Heavy fuel oil includes various industrial oils and, when used to fuel ships, is called bunker oil. 

Other minor raw materials are used for specific needs. Eumaric acid [110-17-8] the geometric isomer of maleic acid, is selected to maximize thermal or corrosion performance and is the sole acid esterified with bisphenol A diol derivatives to obtain optimum polymer performance. CycloaUphatics such as hydrogenated bisphenol A (HBPA) and cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) are used in selective formulations for electrical apphcations. TetrahydrophthaUc anhydride [85-43-8] (THPA) can be used to improve resiUence and impart useful air-drying properties to polyester resins intended for coating or lining apphcations. 

Uses. Hiere are several different grades of barium carbonate manufactured to fit the specific needs of a wide variety of applications very fine, highly reactive grades are made for the chemical industry coarser and more readily haridleable grades are mainly supplied to the glass industry ... 

Ingredients. Ingredients used in the manufacture of carbonated beverages must meet all Food Chemical Codex specifications and be approved for use in soft drinks by the FDA. In addition to the government stated specifications, manufacturers of carbonated beverages may complete additional analyses based on specific needs or concerns. 

Specia.lty Coppers. Additions are made to copper to satisfy specific needs. Tellurium at a nominal 0.5 wt % addition, sulfur at 0.35 wt %, and lead at 1 wt % enhance machinabiHty. These alloys are identified as C145, C147, and C187, respectively. The solubiHty limit for each element is <0.001%, so that the excess is present as second-phase particles which assist in fracture of chips and lubrication during machining. 

Example 2-1 is just a start for preparing the final technology package to be included with the contract but it provides enough information for a client to identify the special needs required of the candidate tollers. It may need to be modified to meet the specific needs of your situation. 

An example of an audit guide that focuses on environmental, health, and safety inspections during the toll-processing phase is included as Appendix B, Sample Toller HS E Assessment. This example should be customized to meet specific needs by adding quality concerns or other processing related items. 

In addition to these paper tools, there are several commercially available health, safety, and environmental audit software programs that can be customized to meet specific needs. 

This assessment tool is referred to and explained in Chapter 2, The Toller Selection Process. It can be used to collect data about tollers before and during selection. As with all examples, this should be modified to address the user s specific needs. 

Packing comes in many forms, sizes, and materials of construction in order to meet all the needs of industry. And there are specific styles of packings to satisfy specific needs. The most common fibers used in the construction of packings include Asbestos, Linen, Ramey, Jute, Cotton, Paper, Wool, Hair, Nylon, Rayon, Teflon, Fiberglass, Carbon... 

Standard turboexpander-compressor sets designed and manufactured by competent manufactureres embody many of the reliability improvement and maintenance cost reduction features inherent in API (American Petroleum Institute) standards for other turbomachines. To achieve close compliance, however, the owner/purchasers must know their specific needs or requirements. Nevertheless, it may not be practical, feasible, or economically justified to achieve full compliance with API specifications, which were generally devised without giving thought to the peculiarities of turboexpanders and their sometimes differing operating environments. 

A monitoring system is selected to meet specific needs and is tailored to the unique properties of the emissions from a particular process. It is necessary to take into account the specific process, the nature of the control devices, the peculiarities of the source, and the use of the data obtained (8). 

The gap must be bridged between the licensor s standard proposal package and the operating company s specific needs. The operating company must also make sure, however, that the basics are included in the standard package. The licensor may have already included site specific items with his standard package, but loose ends will often remain. 

The PURPOSE/DESCRIFTION/REQUIREMENTS column of Table I provides information about each system pertaining to these areas of apparent concentration. Within Table I, systems that are double asterisked ( ) possess an apparent high degree of usefulness for SARA Title III planning, however this does not indicate any endorsement of the system s ability. The vendor should be contacted to determine the extent to which the system addresses specific needs and to verify the system s capabilities. 

The HASP is the model for performing work safely and, if properly designed, will help to integrate all site- and task-related hazards and control measures. Wlien working with the DOE or the Corps of Engineers there may be additional documents that should be considered when developing a plan. Make sure that you understand all site-specific needs. 

The requirements within the product specification need to be expressed in terms that can be verified. Hence you should avoid subjective terms such as good quality components , high reliability , commercial standard parts , etc. as these requirements are not sufficiently definitive to be verified in a consistent manner. (See the later section on Design acceptance criteria and Part 2 Chapter 2 on Clarifying standards of acceptabili-fy-)... 

If you are procuring the services of a subcontractor to design and/or manufacture a product or service, you will need specifications which detail all the features and characteristics that the product or service is to exhibit. The reference number and issue status of the specifications need to be specified in the event that they change after placement of the purchase order. This is also a safeguard against the repetition of problems with... 

In the immediate term, however, your plan may be most effective if you focus on the specific needs and priorities you have identified in the course of your work so far. If you clearly define the scope of your plan, and it directly addresses specific needs, your efforts will be far more successful than if you try to do all things for all people. Moreover, focusing on priority needs will almost certainly provide a sound basis for expansion or adaptation for example, procedures developed to address training for operators using high-hazaid materials at one facility (see Rextown vs. Effingham in Figure 5-2) should be readily adaptable to lower-hazard substances at another facility— far more so than the other way around. 

At the same time, relying on model programs has its share of pitfalls, in large part because a PSM system cannot succeed unless it can be properly integrated into the management systems in place for other activities. By definition a model program reflects the specific needs, operations, and practices of a given company, all of which may be quite different from your own. 

The committee will formulate an error management strategy to address the specific needs of the plant based on the information collected during the baseline exercise. The strategy will address the following areas ... 

Each item of plant and equipment is allocated a specific asset number. This number can be either for a complete boiler (with associated equipment) or a specific asset number for the boiler and individual asset numbers for the associated equipment. It is advisable to restrict this numbering sequence to a minimum while ensuring that it meets the specific needs of the company and location. Care must be exercised in determining the asset numbering during this manual phase if it is envisaged that, on completing a satisfactory trial period, the planned maintenance system will be transferred onto a computer. 

Brooks/Cole offers a variety of printed manuals to meet all general chemistry laboratory needs. Visit the chemistry site at academic.cengage.com/chemistry for a full listing and description of these laboratory manuals and laboratory notebooks. All Brooks/Cole lab manuals can be customized for your specific needs. 

New types of ion exchange resins have also been developed to meet the specific needs of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Chapter 8). These include pellicular resins and microparticle packings (e.g. the Aminex-type resins produced by Bio-Rad). A review of the care, use and application of the various ion exchange packings available for HPLC is given in Ref. 19. 

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