Translation direction

The previous discussions translate directly over into pressure-volume variables, if we compare the constant-NVT and constant-A PJ ensembles. Double-peaked distributions of volumes are seen near a transition at constant pressure. 

The percentage error in the temperature difference translates directly to the percentage error in the estimate Q. As temperature-measurement error increases, so does the heat transfer coefficient error. 

Plotting these pressures and temperatures on a Mollier diagram (Figure 4-115), makes it possible to compare the amount of available energy for both examples. The available energy of Example 1 is 71.5 Btu/lb as compared to 110.4 Btu/lb for Example 2. In other words, increasing the inlet pressure from 30 to 42 psia and the temperature from 1,200 to 1,300°F results in over a 50% increase in available energy, which translates directly into recoverable power. 

Kulstad and Malmsten tested a number of derivatives of l,10-diaza-18-crown-6 (9) for toxicity in mice (intravenous). Compound 9 and the bis-N-2-hydroxyethyl,bis-N-2-carboxamidomethyl, and bis-N-2-carboxymethyl derivatives of 9 were tested and all were found to be toxic in the range of 5—50 mg/kg. At a dose level of 5 mg/kg of 9, the two mice tested were still alive after a week, but at a dose level of 25 mg/kg, the mice died in less than 24 h If these data could be translated directly to human beings, a 100 kg human would require something between 0.5—2.5 g of compound (i.v.) to produce a lethal effect. 

The translational direction of the lattice (c), which is the direction that the crystallite axis is not, because of the triclinic crystallographic system, is perpendicular to the plane of the unit cell base (ab). 

The parallelization of crystallites, occurring as a result of fiber drawing, which consists in assuming by crystallite axes-positions more or less mutually parallel, leads to the development of texture within the fiber. In the case of PET fibers, this is a specific texture, different from that of other kinds of chemical fibers. It is called axial-tilted texture. The occurrence of such a texture is proved by the displacement of x-ray reflexes of paratropic lattice planes in relation to the equator of the texture dif-fractogram and by the deviation from the rectilinear arrangement of oblique diffraction planes. With the preservation of the principle of rotational symmetry, the inclination of all the crystallites axes in relation to the fiber axis is a characteristic of such a type of texture. The angle formed by the axes of particular crystallites (the translation direction of space lattice [c]) and the... 

Recognition among bone-chemistry researchers that strontium enters bone in proportion to dietary levels has resulted in widely accepted yet erroneous inferences about the relationships among various elements in bone and past diet. One such inference is that more of any element in the diet translates directly to more of that element in bone. If an element is not biogenically incorporated within bone, or if biological levels are metabolically controlled, then that element will not reflect diet. A second erroneous inference is that strontium can be used to measure the dietary plant/meat ratio. Sr/Ca ratios in meat are generally lower than those of plants, but meat is also low in calcium and hence has little effect on the composition of bone. Plants, on the other hand, contribute substantially to bone composition. Variations in the strontium levels of bone thus more likely reflect differential consumption of plants rather than trophic position. Although efforts to determine plant/meat ratios from strontium and to draw dietary inferences from elements other than strontium and barium have not been successful, this failure has been due to inappropriate expectations, not to a failure of bone strontium to reflect diet. 

As compared to HPLC, cSFC shows higher efficiency, universal and selective detection, minimal derivatisation for separation and the ability to separate thermally labile organic compounds. Often, cSFC analyses are also considerably faster. This arises because higher mobile phase diffusion coefficients translate directly into higher optimum velocities. However, sensitivity, detection dynamic range and sample capacity... 

Jacob Behmen now first done at large into English, from the best edition of his works in the original German. With an introductory preface of the translator, directing to the due and right use of this mysterious and extraordinary theosopher. By. .. Northampton ... 

Importantly, in most applications the measured (change in) FRET efficiency cannot be translated directly into an average distance between donor and acceptor fluorophore because the fraction of donor molecules involved in FRET is unknown (i.e., all molecules display 25% FRET or 50% of the molecules display 50% FRET), and the orientation factor (k2) is unknown (see also Chapter 7). 

All of the principles and ideas covered in the previous section may be translated directly to the use of microorganisms as tools in the production of compounds of plant biosynthetic or biodegradative importance. Just as one finds microbial systems to be of value in preparing metabolites in mammalian systems, it may be possible to use microbial transformations to prepare derivatives of alkaloids that might be found rarely or only in very small quantities in plants. In this way, abundant prototype alkaloids may be used as microbial transformation substrates to provide a range of metabolites. As in the mammalian case, metabolism studies using plant tissues, tissue cultures, or cell-free extracts may be conducted in parallel with microbial metabolic systems. Metabolites common to both would be prepared in quantity by relatively simple fermentation scale-up methods. 

When you re drawing state charts, be aware of the primary type that is being modeled. In simple cases the states and transitions are directly of the primary type being modeled. If we are trying to specify the behavior of a gas pump, the states and actions labeling the transitions are those of the pump itself. It translates directly into action specs such as these ... 

The extent to which the code reflects the business model is related to the architecture. If the code must be changed every few days to keep competitive with others (for example, financial dealing systems), the requirements of users should translate directly to code changes, which must closely reflect a suitably flexible business model. If high performance is needed and changes are rare (as in an... 

The observed increase in real consumption translates directly into welfare gains, which are measured as weighted averages of real consumption over time. Not surprisingly, welfare increases are largest in the Netherlands, France and Italy and more modest in Norway, Greece and Germany. 

Crystal structure correlations explore relationships between reactivity and actual structural parameters such as bond lengths and angles. Reactivity measured in terms of rate and equilibrium constants allows us to introduce the energy dimension directly, because these constants translate directly into... 

The simplest model for an atomic assembly is to consider the atoms as hard spheres with a radius a. Computer simulations have been used to describe the physical behaviour of such assemblies as the number density is changed. At low number densities the assembly is a fluid and the hard spheres diffuse in a gaseous fashion. There are three degrees of freedom corresponding to kBT(2 for each orthogonal translational direction. At intermediate densities the motion of an individual sphere becomes more complex. Some of the time it will move inside a transient cage of... 

It has already been pointed out that the calculated equilibrium constants are known better than the analytical data on which they are based. So we may not attribute the observed difference in provisional equilibrium values and experimental values (Table VI) to uncertainties in the aqueous model. There are, however, uncertainties in estimating 31og K(x)/3x from Figure 1. Slopes estimated from Figure 1 are probably known within 20%. Uncertainties of 20% In 3 log K(x)/3x translate directly to uncertainties of 20% in solid phase activities and activity coefficients. 

Thermally allowed [6 + 4] cycloadditions offer the attractive features of high stereoselectivity and rapid increase of molecular complexity. The limiting feature of many higher-order processes, however, is a lack of periselectivity that translates directly into the relatively low chemical yields of the desired cycloadducts. 

There is no appropriate defined sterility confidence level which can be translated directly into acceptance criteria for broth fill contamination for BFS processes. The most commonly recognized acceptance criterion is a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10 although modem aseptic filling techniques such as BFS can achieve a higher SAL. This should be reflected by broth fill results and acceptance criteria for this advanced technology. 

The velocity of pulse propagation in these structures is inversely proportional to the square root of the dielectric constant of the medium [1]. Hence, reductions in the dielectric constant of the insulator materials translate directly into improvements in machine cycle time. The pitch or distance between conductor lines must, therefore, be minimized to improve cycle time. The minimum dis-... 

To a first approximation, which neglects changes in average chain structure, the loss in elastically active junction point concentration may be translated directly into loss in concentration of elastically active chains and increase in the value of M, . For a perfect network in the dry state, the concentration of elastically active chains is given by the equations... 

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