Specifications, need for

It is easy to look back from today s vantage point and assert that the spectral patterns produced by pyrolysis were not sufficiently dissimilar for different organisms, or that pattern recognition (or computational) approaches were not advanced enough to provide the specificity needed for routine application of PyMS to bacterial characterization. Such criticism misses the important point that these methods did work within certain limitations. Indeed, research... 

The requirements for plate materials in a fuel cell stack for different markets or applications can be quite different due to fuel cell working conditions and specific needs for the power, lifetime, weight, volume, size, and acceptable cost range. For example, in addition to basic requirements of all plate materials for their common functions, the plate material used in transportation fuel cells, such as that used in automotive applications, would be significantly different from requirements in stationary stacks in terms of working temperature range, density, durability, and lifetime. 

We now have clear evidence that selenium can be introduced specifically into proteins as selenocysteine and into a subset of tRNA species as mnm Se U or Se2U. The pathways and molecular mechanisms for insertion of selenium into these molecules have been well established in several model systems, the best studied being E. coli. The role for selenium in selenoproteins (i.e., the need for selenium over sulfur) is thought to be its ability to act as a more reactive nucleophile and perhaps a more rapid catalyst. However, a void in our knowledge exists for the specific need for selenium-modified tRNAs. Mutation of either selD or ybbB did not alter the growth characteristics of E. coli- however, no thorough analysis of the bacterial stress response has been carried out in any of these mutants. Clearly, further study is needed to better define the role for selenium in wobble codon usage for a subset of tRNA species. 

The experimental setup and the testing procedures specifically needed for the dynamic kinetic investigation will be discussed in the following sections, as well as the relevant methods for data analysis and for parameter estimation. 

Cow s milk contains about 4.8% lactose, whereas human milk contains 7% (Fomon 1974). Lactose is used in the preparation of modified cow s milk formulas for infant feeding to duplicate as closely as possible the lactose content of human milk. Although a specific need for... 

Alloys are designed to meet specific needs. For example, the frames of racing bicycles can be made of a steel that contains manganese, molybdenum, and carbon to give them the stiffness needed to resist mechanical shock. Titanium frames are also used, but not the pure metal. Titanium metal stretches easily, so much so that it may not keep its shape under stress. However, when alloyed with metals such as tin and aluminum, titanium maintains its flexibility but keeps its shape. 

CONTINUE R AND D FOR SPECIFIC NEEDS FOR BETTER DEFINITION. TARGET DECISION FOR GO/NO-GO. 

Nano-photosynthesis can produce sugar and starch for food and further synthesis of cellulose can produce paper and wood to avoid clear-cutting forests. Carbon retrieved from the atmosphere and recycled from existing wastes by MNT will be used to make carbon nano-tubes, with superior properties to steel. Carbon will be the most common structural and functional element for a MNT-based civilization [32,33]. A carbon-based MNT material production model is conceptualized as in Fig. 9. If there is a specific need for metal, a nano-factory with trillions of nano-assemblers will synthesize steel, copper, and alloys in order to skip mining and refining [32,33]. Therefore, industrial wastewater, hazardous wastes and air pollution will all vanish. 

We are moving toward an era in which simulation and molecular theory will play an important role in the design of new polymers, composites, ceramics, and electronic and photonic materials [21, 22], Much of the theoretical and simulation work to date has asked questions of the form what are the properties of this particular model substance We need to invert this question and ask here is a specific need, for example a difficult or expensive separation—how can we use our theory and simulation techniques to design a material or process to best meet this need [22] One example would be... 

The UK Register of Organic Food Standards (UKROFS) regularly produces a list of specific needs for research in all these areas, but they naturally relate primarily to the UK (UKROFS 1995). Other countries have other specific needs. 

Several methods can be used to estimate the intake of a food contaminant and the choice will depend upon the accuracy and detail of the required estimate (Parmar et al. 1997). No single method can meet all of the choice criteria, therefore the methods have to be selected and combined on a case by case basis. The choice depends upon (Kroes et al. 2002) the objectives of the study, the foods of interest, the needs for group vs. individual data, the needs for relative vs. absolute intake, characteristics of the population, the time-frame of interest, the level of specificity needed for describing foods and available resources. 

Despite the foregoing account of the specific need for an electronegative 6ji -substituent in the Westphalen rearrangement, comparable reactions involving migration of the C(i9)-methyl group to an electron-deficient C(5> have been reported in other special situations. 

Optimization of basis sets is not something the average user need to worry about. Optimized basis sets of many different sizes and qualities are available either in the forms of tables, or built into the computer programs. The user merely has to select a suitable basis set. However, if the interest is in specialized properties the basis set may need to be tailored to meet the specific needs. For example if the property of interest is an accurate value for the electron densitv at the nucleus Ifor example for determining The Is-orbital is thus described by a fixed linear combination of say six basis functions. Similarly the remaining four basis functions may be contracted into only two functions, for example by fixing the coefficient in front of the inner three functions. In doing this the number of basis functions to be handled by the variational procedure has been reduced from 10 to three. 

It is common to use different stationary phases for Column 1 and Column 2. A variety of possibilities are available, but frequently one column is polar while the other is nonpolar. In this way, one separation is done mainly depending on the polarity of the analytes, while the second separation is done based mainly on boiling point differences. Both polar/non-polar and non-polar/polar pairs have been utilized depending on the specific need for the separation. 

MRS has been applied in vivo by Kurhanewicz et al.66-61 to provide biochemical and metabolic information from prostate tissue. The metabolic changes centred on citrate, creatine and choline as markers of disease, with a reported sensitivity and specificity of ca. 90% and ca. 83%, respectively. The use of these compounds as diagnostic markers was confirmed on extracts from biopsies, but only small sample sizes have been examined.68 69 Kurhanewicz et al. have developed the in vivo method to a high degree of technical effectiveness, but still the method does not provide the specificity needed for optimal diagnostic clinical use.66-67... 

For the high-LOX case, where the refrigeration requirement is 186 Btu/lb-mol (434 kJ/kg-mol) of air ow, the required expander ow of 31% is needed to produce less than 3% of the airflow as liquid. This is a simplistic demonstration of the ability of an ASU to produce liquid. For small amounts of LOX, the ASU is efficient. Beyond 3% of the airflow, the distillation impacts of the high expander flow become prohibitive. Above these rates, the addition of compressors/expanders specifically needed for liquefaction are added. 

In some cases, the fine crystals or precipitates resulting from high supersaturation (often in the range from 0.1 to 10 ini) aie desired in order to meet specific needs for downstream processing or formulation. In most cases, however, these fine particles are not desired since they can be very difficult to handle in downstream processing—notably filtration, washing, and drying. 

During the various phases of development, the specific need for stability data changes. 

Analytical methods are developed to meet specific needs. For example, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment of a new drug will require the ability to measure it in... 

The nature and extent of work to be performed during development can be modeled after the draft International Committee on Harmonization (ICH) Q6A document on specifications, which can be found on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website (www.fda.cder.gov). This document outlines the specifications needed for a New Drug Application and contains several decision trees to guide the selection of specifications. The Q6A decision tree 4 (Fig. 2) describes... 

The specific needs for water policies led to the selection of a group of projects addressing the Water Framework Directive ... 

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