Numbering of references

Phosphorus-Containing Diols and Polyols. The commercial development of several phosphoms-contaiuing diols occurred in response to the need to flame retard rigid urethane foam insulation used in transportation and constmction. There are a large number of references to phosphoms polyols (111) but only a few of these have been used commercially. 

Name Code Number of references Name Code Number of references... 

Microencapsulation has much hidden potential for the food industry which promises to be tapped in the future (62). An interesting discussion of the problems that have been encountered while attempting to develop microcapsule formulations for commercial use in food products has been presented (65) and a review provides a number of references to food encapsulation studies (66). 

Leren ce Limbe rs design s design s al designs ce designs situatio ns ns desig ns pages calculation s and analysis number of references leve emphas... 

A computer search of volumes 70-95 of Chemical Abstracts using the keyword Pyrazine resulted in more than 2600 references, and, after removal of fused pyrazine systems and cross-referencing the remaining references, this number increased to approximately 7000 in total. When the benzopyrazines quinoxaline and phenazine were added the number of references was in excess of 10 000, all of which might be considered to be relevant to a chapter devoted to pyrazines and their benzo analogues. 

Three isoxazolidinones are possible, the 3-, 4- and 5-isoxazolidinones, with 3-isoxazolidinones being the group containing the most members. Only one synthesis of 4-isoxazolidinones has been reported, although a number of 4-arylmethylene compounds exist. A number of isoxazolidine-3,5-diones have been synthesized. A review by Quilico with nine references appeared in 1962 (62HC(17)l,p. 7> and since then the number of references has slightly more than tripled. 

Numbers in parentheses indicate number of pages and number of references. 

The equations in this volume are from a number of reference sources, not all of which use consistent nomenclature (symbols) and units. In order to facilitate comparisons within sources, the conventions of each source were presented unchanged. 

Tliis is one of the most actively developing and closely watched fields of heterocyclic tautomerism—only the study of purines and pyrimidines is of comparable contemporary interest. Tire number of references is so high that many relevant works have had to be neglected, whereas in other sections of this chapter relatively minor contributions have been commented on because they pertained to a field where few contributions are available. Tire selection criteria were (1) all pertinent authors are quoted at least once, (2) full papers are preferred to communications or letters, and (3) recent works are preferred to earlier ones because they usually quote the previous publications. 

In Table 1 a collection of some general polymer/ monomer systems in radiation grafting is given. These references are only representatives as the number of references in this area is very huge. 

The British standard (BS 1647 1984, Parts 1 and 2) is also based upon potassium hydrogenphthalate and a number of reference solutions of a range of substances, and leads to results which are very similar to the figures given in Table 15.4. When applied to dilute solutions ( < 0.1 M) at pH between 2 and... 

As it is likely that many reviews will pertain to more than one area of coordination chemistry, the following indexing system has been used. All references are collected in a numbered and titled Main Index list, which is completely unclassified in any other way. Within each entry is given the number of pages devoted to that review and the number in parentheses following each entry is the number of references cited in each case. 

Another significant point raised in Fig. 3 is that the number of references related to the development of DSS to carry out an integrated water resources management is very scarce before 2000s, that is, when the WFD, which emphasizes integrated management as one of the key concerns in river basin management, was launched. 

Table 5.1 Number of references containing the term LC-MS on the Science Direct database as at 5th June 2002...

Library searching The use of a computer to compare a mass spectrum to be identified with large numbers of reference spectra. 

The literature search for this chapter has uncovered a typically large number of references for papers published in 1996. These references were culled to remove repetition and to provide the most interesting examples of thiophene chemistry and its applications. As in the past, the authors apologize for omissions and oversights. 

This year, and the latter part of 1995, has seen the usual large number of references to the topics covered by this chapter. In December the second edition of "Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry" was published which provides a substantial coverage of most aspects of heterocyclic chemistry, including the material of this chapter, for die last 10 years. 

An effective HE or cost-effectiveness analysis is designed to answer certain questions, such as Is the treatment effective What will it cost and How do the gains compare with the costs By combining answers to all of these questions, the technique helps decision makers weigh the factors, compare alternative treatments, and decide which treatments are most appropriate for specific situations. Typically, one chooses the option with the least cost per unit of measure gained the results are represented by the ratio of cost to effectiveness (C E). With this type of analysis, called a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), various disease end points that are affected by therapy (risk markers, disease severity, death) can be assessed by corresponding indexes of therapeutic outcome (mmHg blood pressure reduction, hospitalizations averted, life years saved, respectively). It is beyond the scope of this chapter to elaborate further on principles of cost-effectiveness analyses. A number of references are available for this purpose [11-13]. 

The present chapter will address the following issues (1) a very brief overview on the properties of the different types of Cl -channels in the various mammalian cells (2) a short summary on what is known of Cl channels on a molecular basis (3) a discussion of pharmacological agents blocking the various Cl -channels and (4) a specific section dealing with the regulation of epithelial and maybe other Cl -channels. This entire area has been reviewed rather extensively in the recent past. A large number of references will be provided in order to keep this text concise. The entire field of Cl -channels in the central nervous system will only be touched upon to compare these channels to the Cl -channels in apolar cells and epithelia. 

The number of references that are cited is necessarily restrictive and, althongh nnmerons, they represent merely an eclectic selection from a vast literatnre. Relevant references have no doubt been omitted, but the writers can assure the authors of these that there is no malice in the selection. They invariably refer to the primary literature that has been snbjected to the scrutiny of peer review. It is therefore assured that even when the interpretations of the authors should prove faulty—and this is inevitable—a solid and reprodncible basis of fact is available to the critical reader. Some older work has been cited when this has led to lasting concepts, though other early work may be difficult to evaluate by the standards of today and no doubt work at the cutting edge of cnrrent research will rightly require modification and extension in the future. 

Members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Malaysia included, have yet to formulate common rules for dmg regulation. Nonetheless, efforts have been made towards harmonization in terms of voluntary standards. Through the ASEAN Technical Cooperation Project in Pharmaceuticals, a number of reference substances and guidelines have been developed (17). Furthermore, agreements made for the ASEAN Free Trade Area have harmonized and reduced import tariffs on a number of goods, including pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. 

The program must require the vendors to measure a number of reference samples and/or duplicates submitted in a planned sequence. It should require prompt measurement and reporting of these data and should maintain the results in a control chart format. Prompt feedback and follow-up of any apparent data discrepancies and reconciliation of the results with control charts maintained by the vendors are required to minimize the length of uncertain performance. The quality assurance plan should include random sampling of the vendors data for their validity and conformance with quality assurance requirements. If quality assurance is properly practiced at all levels, an inspection of 5 percent of the total data output should be adequate. 

Appendix 1 contains a number of references and links to chemical lists and resources to help identify chemicals of concern. In addition, it maybe useful to review the criteria used to classify substances via EU s Dangerous Substance Directive (67/548/EEC), Environment Canada s Ecological Categorization of Substances on the Domestic Substances List, or Health Canada s Categorization of Substances on the Domestic Substances List when establishing your organization s criteria for selecting chemicals of concern. 

Finally some additional milestones in organization, research and development of RMs need to be mentioned. The large increase in the number of reference materials being produced led in 1975 to the formation of an ISO Council Committee on Reference Materials (ISO-REMCO) charged with the establishment of international guidelines on principles of certification, methods of use, needs, availability and nomenclature (Klich 1999), see also Sections 1.2 and 1.3. 

Solvents or their metabolites are commonly determined by GC (Tokunaga et al. 1974) or GC-MS. In spite of the high importance of exposure to solvents, and the great number of determinations performed worldwide, reference materials for solvents in serum or urine are virtually non-existent. There are a number of reference materials used in occupational hygiene, for example the ethanol in water standard from NIST (SRM 1828a) is commonly used in the clinical laboratory. 

Even though PAHs are commonly determined by GC or HPLC, there are no matrix reference materials for PAHs in urine or serum. A number of reference materials certified for PAHs in animal tissue are available, but they are intended for environmental applications, see Section 3.4. 

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