Associated Equipment

Expansion bellows in the regenerated catalyst stand pipe have been subject to failure. lnconel(e) 625 failed as a result of loss of ductility from an aging reaction that occurs in the 1,100 to 1,500°F (595 to 815° C) range. Incoloy 7 801 (Ti stabilized for resistance to intergranular attack [IGA]) undergoes a severe loss of ductility above 900° F (480° C). Incoloy 800 has been used successfully, although it is not immune 

In the last 10 years, as a result of more efficient operating methods, carbonate stress corrosion cracking has occurred in the fractionator overheads in fluid catalytic crackers. The problem is most severe at a pH greater than 9 and a carbonate concentration above 110 ppm. It has also occurred at a pH between 8 and 9 when the carbonate concentration is above 400 ppm. Therefore, most refiners are now specifying postweld heat treatment of carbon steel when such conditions are anticipated. 

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The most common method of converting iron ore to metallic iron utilizes a blast furnace wherein the material is melted to form hot metal (pig iron). Approximately 96% of the world s iron is produced this way (see Iron). However, in the blast furnace process energy costs are relatively high, pollution problems of associated equipment are quite severe, and capital investment requirements are often prohibitively expensive. In comparison to the blast furnace method, direct reduction permits a wider choice of fuels, is environmentally clean, and requires a much lower capital investment. 

Although these other chemical systems ate feasible chemically, there has been httie impetus to solve associated equipment problems. The Bosch reaction appears to be the most promising. 

Three types of computer control systems are commonly used for pilot-plant instmmentation. The first is a centralized system, usually based on a minicomputer or occasionally a mainframe. These systems have large storage capacities, substantial memories, and much associated equipment. They typically control all the pilot plants in an area or faciUty. Centralized systems are economical if a large number of units are involved but are becoming less common due to their high installation and maintenance costs as well as the limitation that any failure of the central system shuts down all pilot plants involved. 

When alloy piping or large bore piping is required, the associated equipment is located together as much as possible to keep the pipe mns short, preferably nozzle-to-nozzle by avoiding the piperack. Items such as elevated overhead condensers are located near the source and destination. Similarly, thermosyphon reboHers need to be placed adjacent to the column they reboH. Where gravity flow is required, these lines must be kept short and sloped. Space allocation for future additions must also be considered. 

J.m/h. Because the diamond growth takes place under atmospheric conditions, expensive vacuum chambers and associated equipment are not needed. The flame provides its own environment for diamond growth and the quaUty of the film is dependent on such process variables as the gas flow rates, gas flow ratios, substrate temperature and its distribution, purity of the gases, distance from the flame to the substrate, etc. 

Process Unit or Batch Unit A process unit is a collection of processing equipment that can, at least at certain times, be operated in a manner completely independent from the remainder of the plant. A process unit normally provides a specific function in the production of a batch of product . For example, a process unit might be a reactor complete with all associated equipment (jacket, recirculation pump, reflux condenser, and so on). However, each feed preparation tank is usually a separate process unit. With this separation, preparation of the feed for the next batch can be started as soon as the feed tank is emptied for the current batch. 

Professional scientific controlling instruments Manufacture of engineering, laboratory, and research instruments and associated equipment Metals, plastics, resins, glass, wood, rubber, fibers, abrasives... 

Provide automatic isolation of associated equipment via quick closing valves... 

Provide automatic isolation of associated equipment via quick closing valves Provide weak sections (for pressure relief) in piping and duct work... 

The process gas of ethylene plants and methyl tertiary butyl ether plants is normally a hydrogen/ methane mixture. The molecular weight of the gas in such processes ranges from 3.5 to 14. The tliermodynamic behavior of hydrogen/methane mixtures has been and continues to be extensively researched. The gas dynamic design of turboexpanders, which are extensively used in such plants, depends on the equations of state of the process gas. Optimum performance of the turboexpander and associated equipment demands accurate thermodynamic properties for a wide range of process gas conditions. 

Figure 23.16. Diagrammatic representation of resin kettle and associated equipment used for the preparation of phenolic resins. (After Whitehouse, Pritchett and Barnett )...

At the completion of the transfer of dangerous liquids the berth operator should render pipework, valves and associated equipment safe valves and tanks should be closed and shore pipeline blanked off. 

In addition to equipment malfunctions which can cause process overpressure in associated equipment (e.g., overpressure in a fractionator due to failure of cooling water or reflux pump), certain support items to major processing... 

A typical non-condensible blowdown drum and its associated equipment and headers are illustrated in Figure 1. A single blowdown drum may be used for more than one process unit, if economically attractive. However, when this is done, all units served by it must be shut down in order to take the drum out of service, unless cross connections are made to another system of adequate capacity. Normally all closed safety valve discharges are combined into one header entering the drum, although separate headers and inlet nozzles are acceptable if economically advantageous. The following releases are also normally routed into the safety valve header ... 

The flare tip and associated equipment shall be piece marked and the electrical terminals shall be ceded to facilitate field erection. 

The standard requires that the requirements for any qualification of process operations including associated equipment and personnel be specified. 

Interfacing nuiintenance demands When maintenance is completed on equipment, for example, a pump, a complete functional check of it and its associated equipment (e g., isolation valves), is usually performed before the equipment is returned to service. It is important to note that in this case the interface demand is placed on the associated equipment, not the equipment that failed. Interfacing maintenance demands are counted separately from failure-related demands. 

Record the number and types of associated equipment (valves) that interface with the equipment requiring isolation. 

A more serious limit to this implementation is due to the volume of the recycling pump and associated equipment such as flowmeters and pressure sensors. As the pump moves with respect to the zones, its volume leads to a dead volume dissymmetry, which can lead to a decrease extract and raffinate purities. This decrease can be significant for SMB with short columns and/or compounds with low retention. However, it can be easily overcome by using a shorter column or asynchronous shift of the inlets/outlets [54, 55]. This last solution is extremely efficient and does not induce extra costs because it is a purely software solution. 

The process designer must be aware of costs as reflected in the (1) selection of a basic process route (2) the equipment to be used in the process and (3) the details incorporated into the equipment. The designer must not arbitrarily select equipment, specify details or set pressure levels for design wdthout recognizing the relative effect on the specific cost of an item as well as associated equipment such as relieving devices, instruments, etc. 

Tests carried out on protection systems comprise factory tests, on-site commissioning tests and maintenance checks. Those made on individual relays will demonstrate the compliance of the equipment with specification and the verification of its operation under simulated conditions, while tests carried out on-site prior to the equipment being put into service ensure that the full protection scheme and associated equipment operate correctly. These on-site tests must be comprehensive and should include ... 

Fail to check on water treatment - inadequate treatment and haphazard slug dosing can lead to poor performance, damage to associated equipment and failure to meet discharge requirements. 

Compressors and/or associated equipment can be shut down during periods of low demand or for preventative maintenance with only a localized effect. 

Each item of plant and equipment is allocated a specific asset number. This number can be either for a complete boiler (with associated equipment) or a specific asset number for the boiler and individual asset numbers for the associated equipment. It is advisable to restrict this numbering sequence to a minimum while ensuring that it meets the specific needs of the company and location. Care must be exercised in determining the asset numbering during this manual phase if it is envisaged that, on completing a satisfactory trial period, the planned maintenance system will be transferred onto a computer. 

To assist in the numbering of the assets, each type of plant and equipment can be given a predetermined plant code reference number. In this case, the boiler and all its associated equipment are given the same asset number. The asset number is built up from certain elements, e.g. ... 

Manually Controlled System A manually controlled system comprises one or more transformer-rectifiers each with its associated control panels which supply the d.c. to the various anodes installed in the water box spaces. Each transformer-rectifier is provided with its own control panel where each anode is provided with a fuse, shunt and variable resistor. These enable the current to each anode to be adjusted as required. Reference cells should be provided in order to monitor the cathodic protection system. In the case of a major power station, one transformer-rectifier and associated control panel should be provided for separate protection of screens, circulating water pumps and for each main condenser and associated equipment. 

Deviations from proportionality have three principal causes I, absorption and enhancement effects, placed together because they both involve absorption II, effects traceable to heterogeneity in the samples, principally surface effects and segregation III, instability, including drifts and fluctuations, in the spectrograph and in associated equipment. Class III deviations often increase with the complexity of the electronic circuitry. 

Ceramics and minerals present many common problems, but ceramics warrant special treatment because elements of low atomic number predominate in them and they consequently offer x-ray emission spectrog-raphy of the light elements an excellent opportunity to prove its usefulness. Scott,8 in making this clear, emphasized the absorption and enhancement effects to be expected, and pointed out the need for careful sample preparation. By use of a General Electric XRD-5 spectrograph and associated equipment, he set up working curves for alumina, silica, potash, lime, phosphate, titania, and iron oxide in clays, refractories, and other ceramic materials. 

NOTE Acid phosphates and SHMP may attack chemical tanks and associated equipment, so acid-resistant equipment should be specified. Alternatively, the addition of caustic up to a pH level of 8.2 to 8.3 (the production of a pink color when tested with phenolphthalein) provides adequate protection. A further alternative is to add neutralizing amine to the tank. 

A boiler inspection includes a thorough examination of all waterside and fireside surfaces, plus the permanent boiler log, daily log, and other water treatment and maintenance records. Any economizers, attemperators, FW heaters, and other associated equipment may also be inspected. 

The burner and associated equipment must be wrapped up or otherwise protected against dirt and soot. The front doors are opened and plastic sheeting is attached to minimize the spread of soot. The tubes are brushed, and the soot and dirt are vacuumed away while brushing takes place. Some contractors have truck-mounted vacuum systems to increase efficiency and minimize post-boiler cleaning work. 

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