Somatic

Shale oil asphalt also meets or exceeds the performance of the improved, but more costiy, polymer-based asphalt. Since 1989, more than 8 km (5 mi) of test strips of SOMAT have been placed on various roadways in seven U.S. states. The SOMAT has demonstrated marked improvement over... 

The New Paraho Corporation has been conducting research on asphalt derived from shale ok, SOMAT, at its pkot plant (Rifle, Colorado) (54,55). It is the only active ok shale operation in the United States as of 1995. New Paraho is continuing its pkot operations whke designing a commercial fackity to produce SOMAT. The economics appear promising (56). 

General trends in radiopharmaceutical research emphasize the use of small peptides. These molecules, of which the agents mentioned for thrombosis localization are an example, exhibit rapid and specific binding, and rapid blood clearance, two important parameters for a successflil radiopharmaceutical. Peptides are readily labeled with Tc and lend themselves to formulation as lyophilized kits that can be rapidly and rehably reconstituted. Possible targets for these molecules are quite varied, ranging from atherosclerotic plaque to P-amyloid (for Alzheimer s disease), to a variety of somatic receptors the populations of which are increased or decreased in disease. 

D. Gmgei, Cell, Culture, and Somatic Cell Genetics, Vol 5, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1988, pp. 435—448. 

A. Zamarripa and co-workers, "Mass Propagation of Coffea spp. by Somatic Embryogenesis in Liquid Medium," in Ref. 40. 

A mutagen is a chemical that can induce alterations in the DNA. Mutations occurring in germ cells are inheritable and may lead to genetic diseases. If mutations take place in somatic cells, carcinogenesis may be initiated. 

ITowever, most normal somatic cells lack telomerase. Consequently, upon every cycle of cell division when the cell replicates its DNA, about 50-nucleotide portions are lost from the end of each telomere. Thus, over time, the telomeres of somatic cells in animals become shorter and shorter, eventually leading to chromosome instability and cell death. This phenomenon has led some scientists to espouse a telomere theory of aging that implicates telomere shortening as the principal factor in cell, tissue, and even organism aging. Interestingly, cancer cells appear immortal because they continue to reproduce indefinitely. A survey of 20 different tumor types by Geron Corporation of Menlo Park, California, revealed that all contained telomerase activity. 

Anxiety. Mental apprehension frequently accompanied by somatic signs such as increased heart rate, palpations, and increased muscle tension. 

Anxiolytic. A drug that decreases the mental symptoms and somatic signs of anxiety. 

From the perspective of general energetics, the long span of human prehistoric development can be seen as the quest for a more efficient use of somatic energy, the muscular exertions used primarily to secure a basic food supply and then to gradually improve shelters, acquire more material possessions, and evolve a variety of cultural expressions. This quest was always limited by fundamental bioenergetic considerations Fifty to ninety watts is the limit of nsefnl work that healthy adults can snstain for prolonged periods of time (of course, short bursts of effort could reach hundreds of watts). 

With few exceptions, information on the anticonvulsant pharmacology of specific ion channel subunits analyzed in expression systems is scarce. Hitherto, a first understanding of the mechanism of action of most antiepileptic dtugs has evolved from analyses of somatic ion channel pharmacology either in isolated neurons from human or rodent neurons, or cell culture models. 

Organ specific autoimmune disease Constitutively activating somatic mutation in TSH... 

Cellular therapies in transplantation and cancer are based on specific cells separated or sorted from human blood, bone marrow, or cord blood by means of their specific cell surface markers or cell differentiation antigens, e.g., CD3, CD4, CD8, CD 14, CD 19, and CD34. For example, the CD34+ stem cells, especially those derived from human embryos, have the capacity to differentiate in culture to generate different somatic cells, e.g., liver cells, heart cells, neurons, etc. This exploding field of research is now termed regenerative medicine. 

The eukaryotic somatic cell cycle is defined by a sequential order of tasks a dividing cell has to complete it must replicate its DNA, segregate its chromosomes, grow, and divide. The cell cycle can be divided into four discrete phases. DNA replication is restricted to S phase (DNA synthesis phase), which is preceded by a gap phase called G1 and followed by a gap phase called G2. During mitosis (M phase) the sister chromatids are segregated into two new daughter nuclei and mitosis is completed by the division of the cytoplasm termed cytokinesis (Fig. 1). 

Cholinergic neurotransmission ChEs terminate cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS), in NMJs and in the autonomic system (the parasympathetic system, somatic motor nerves and pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves). A few sensory cells and the NMJ in nematodes also include ChEs. 

Dependence is a somatic state which develops after chronic administration of certain dtugs. This condition is characterized by the necessity to continue administration of the drug to avoid the appearance of withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms are relieved by the administration of the drug upon which the body was dependent . Psychological dependence is due to (e.g., social) reinforcement processes in the maintenance of drug-seeking behavior. 

Cole et al. (1995) reported on knock-out mice with a germ line deletion of GR. They demonstrated that lack of GR leads to perinatal death, atelectasis of the lung, and lack of adrenalin synthesis. To circumvent perinatal lethality, Tranche et al. (1999) and Brewer et al. (2003) generated tissue-specific somatic deletions of GR. This allowed to characterize GR function in the CNS, the immune system, and the liver in more detail. In particular, these approaches revealed novel aspects of organ-specific glucocorticoid physiology such as anxiety-like behavior, growth control, and polyclonal T cell activation. 

Greenman C, Stephens P, Smith R, et al (2007) Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature 446 153-158... 

SWS/SWA, in particular, may play an important role in somatic and cognitive restoration, including the consolidation of certain forms of procedural and declarative memory. A substantial diminution in the amount of SWS/SWA occurs across the human lifespan. This decline is beginning already in adolescence and middle-aged adults have only 25% of the SWS observed in young adults, whereas the elderly have almost none. While the clinical importance of these phenomena is unknown, it is reasonable to speculate that they may be related to the increase of sleep complaints associated with aging. 

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