Somatic effects of radiation

UNSCEAR. 1986. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Genetic and somatic effects of ionizing radiation. New York United Nations. 

Berenblum, I. and Trainin, N. (1963). New evidence on the mechanism of radiation leukaemogenesis, page 41, in Cellular Basis and Aetiology of Late Somatic Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Harris, R.J.C., Ed. (Academic Press, London). 

Conklin, J.W., Upton, A.C., Christenberry, KW. and McDonald, T.P. (1963). Comparative late somatic effects of some radiometric agents and x rays, Radiat. Res. 19,156. ... 

Genetic effects of weapons tests. Bull. Atom. Sci. 18 (Dec 1962) 15—18. [70-7] Genetic and somatic effects of high-energy radiation. Bull. Atom. Sci. 26 (7) (Sept 1970) 3-5. 

Somatic effects— The effects of radiation that is limited to the exposed person. 

Sometimes irradiation will not kill the affected cells, but may only alter them. A viable but modified somatic cell may still retain its reproductive capacity and may give rise to a clone. If the clone is not eliminated by the body s defence mechanisms, after a prolonged and variable period of delay termed the latent period, it may result in the development of malignant conditions, usually termed cancers, which are the principal late somatic effects of exposure to radiation. In contrast to deterministic effects, it is assumed that there is no threshold of dose below which stochastic effects (e.g., cancer) cannot occur. These effects do not occur in every exposed individual the probability that an individual or one of his or her descendants may develop one of these effects increases with the dose received. Thus, even if the dose is very small, the person still has a chance, albeit a very small one, of incurring such an effect. 

Solvent a substance that dissolves or disperses another substance Somatic effects the effects of radiation that are limited to the exposed person Source means either laser or laser-illuminated reflecting surface... 

Leenhouts HP, Sijsma MJ, Cebulska-Wasilewska A, et al. 1986. The combined effect of DBE and x-rays on the induction of somatic mutations in tradescantia. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 49 109-119. 

Somatic Radiation Dose for the General Population, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 6 May 1959, Science, February 19, 1960, Vol. 131, No. 3399, pages 482-486 Dose Effect Modifying Factors in Radiation Protection, Report of Subcommittee M-4 (Relative Biological Effectiveness) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements,... 

Case Radium-226 and Radium-228. The concept of risk projections from experimental dose-response curves has been highly developed in the case of estimating risks to the population from low doses of radiation. Such methods were later extended to estimate risks from other carcinogens in drinking water and other media. Radioactivity can contribute risks from teratogenic, genetic, and somatic (carcinogenic) effects. 

The way in which the maximum permissible dose was understood to be at the time was that it should be the quantity of ionising radiation which is determined to not cause any somatic effects which might be detected at any moment of a person s lifetime, based on the present understandings on radiation . However, starting with the recommendation made in 1958, the hereditary effects began to be included. 

If a person is exposed to a large amount of radiation (i.e., large radiation dose) delivered to the entire body, cells in tissues can be destroyed in large numbers. Because tissues have important functions, the destruction of significant numbers of cells can lead to impairment in one or more of these functions. The biological effects that arise when large numbers of cells are destroyed by radiation are called acute somatic effects if they occur in a relatively short period of time (e.g., within a few weeks) after brief exposure. Acute somatic effects are a subset of what is now formally called early and continuing deterministic effects (once called nonstochastic effects). 

Deterministic effects are those that increase in severity as the radiation dose increases and for which a threshold is presumed to exist. Besides acute somatic effects, deterministic effects also include radiation effects (other than cancer and genetic effects) that continue to occur after an extended period (e.g., years) of chronic exposure. Such chronic exposures can arise from long-lived radionuclides (e.g., isotopes of plutonium and cesium) ingested via contaminated food or inhaled via contaminated air... 

Human exposures to RF radiation arise from military use, industrial use, broadcasting, and cellular phone use. These exposures have been linked to increased numbers of spontaneous abortion, neurological effects, altered red and white blood cell counts, increased somatic mutation rates in lymphocytes, cardiovascular effects, increased cancer risk, and increased childhood cancers/28 311 Other studies.however, have refuted these findings) 27,32 As stated in the introduction, only a relatively few studies addressed the combined effects of toxic chemical and RF exposure. A thorough search of the literature shows that such studies have not been refuted. The following are illustrative examples of these mixture studies. 

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