Sensory cell

TRPV4 was identified a decade ago as an osmotransducer that is expressed in lung, heart, kidney, airway muscle cells, sensory neurons, brain, skin, gut, sympathetic nerves, inner ear, endothelium, and fat tissue [58-61]. TRPV4 is activated by heat (27-34°C), endogenous substances such as anandamide (59, AA) and the arachi-donic acid metabolite 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (60, 5,6-EET), a plant dimeric diterpenoid bisandrographolide A (61, BAA), and the semisynthetic phorbol ester 4a-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (62, 4a-PDD) [62],... 

The importance of mast cell-sensory nerve interactions in human airways remains to be established. There are, to our knowledge, no data regarding the ability of mast cell products to stimulate C-fibers in human airways. Substance P does cause the degranulation of human skin mast cells (Lawrence et /., 1987), and injection of substance P into human skin causes itching and a wheal-and-flare response (Wallengren and Hakanson, 1987). However, mast cells isolated from human limg tissue obtained at surgical resection do not release H when exposed to substance P (Lawrence et cd., 1987). 

Because of its sweet taste sucrose is consumed in large amounts. The perception of sweetness is mediated by taste buds submerged in the tongue and oral mucous membranes. The taste bud, a pear-like organ, consists of sensory cells (taste cells) interwoven with a branching network of nerve fibers. The taste bud contains two additional cell types basal and supporting cells. Sensory cells have a short life span of about 10 days, and new cells are derived from basal cells that continually undergo mitosis. Sensory... 

Substance 11 Neural crest-derived cells, sensory C fibers Nociception Vasoconstriction (local effect) Mediates immune response to inflammation )... 

Steele C.R., Baker G, Tolomeo J.A., and Zetes D.E. 1993. Electro-mechanical models of the outer hair cell. Biophysics of Hair Cell Sensory Systems, In H. Duifhuis, J.W. Horst, P. van Dijk, and S.M. van Netten, Eds., World Scientific. 

Duifhuis H, Horst JW, van Kijk P, and van Netten SM, Eds. 1993. Biophysics of Hair Cell Sensory Systems. World Scientific, Singapore. 

EP2 Butaprost None smooth muscle, leukocytes,mast cells, sensory neurons, lung, kidney smooth muscle relaxation, Inhib. mast cell secretion, stim. Intestinal secretion cAMP... 

Taste-active chemicals react with receptors on the surface of sensory cells in the papillae causing electrical depolarization, ie, drop in the voltage across the sensory cell membrane. The collection of biochemical events that are involved in this process is called transduction (15,16). Not all the chemical steps involved in transduction are known however, it is clear that different transduction mechanisms are involved in different taste quaUties different transduction mechanisms exist for the same chemical in different species (15). Thus the specificity of chemosensory processes, ie, taste and smell, to different chemicals is caused by differences in the sensory cell membrane, the transduction mechanisms, and the central nervous system (14). 

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

The human brain is comprised of many millions of interconnected units, known individually as biological neurons. Each neuron consists of a cell to which is attached several dendrites (inputs) and a single axon (output). The axon connects to many other neurons via connection points called synapses. A synapse produces a chemical reaction in response to an input. The biological neuron fires if the sum of the synaptic reactions is sufficiently large. The brain is a complex network of sensory and motor neurons that provide a human being with the capacity to remember, think, learn and reason. 

An effect of opening K+ channels is to hypetpolarise the primary sensory neurons. Similarly to local anaesthetics, this makes the cell less likely to produce an action potential because more depolarising stimuli are needed to overcome the block. NS 1619 is an example of this type of drug which has initially shown antitussive activity in a variety of experimental systems. 

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are Ca2+-selective pores in the plasma membrane of electrically excitable cells, such as neurons, muscle cells, (neuro) endocrine cells, and sensory cells. They open in response to membrane depolarization (e.g., an action potential) and permit the influx of Ca2+ along its electrochemical gradient into the cytoplasm. 

These are a subset of sensory neurons having their cell bodies (small to medium size) in dorsal root and in cranial nerve ganglia and possessing nonmyelinated (C-type) or thinly myelinated (A-delta type) fibres. This subset of neurons express transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1, or vanilloid, or capsaicin receptor) that is excited by capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of chilli. These neurons have been classified as polymodal nociceptors because they can be excited by various noxious stimuli. 

Cholinergic neurotransmission ChEs terminate cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS), in NMJs and in the autonomic system (the parasympathetic system, somatic motor nerves and pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves). A few sensory cells and the NMJ in nematodes also include ChEs. 

CNG channels are expressed in retinal photoreceptors and olfactory neurons, and play a key role in visual and olfactory signal transduction. In addition, CNG channels are found at low density in some other cell types and tissues such as brain, testis, and kidney. While the function of CNG channels in sensory neurons has been unequivocally demonstrated, the role of these channels in other cell types, where expression has been observed, remains to be established. Based on their phylogenetic relationship, the six CNG channels... 

The neurokinin, substance P (SP), may be involved as a sensory transmitter in afferent vagal nerves involved in the vomiting reflex. Both SP and its receptors (NKi receptors) have been detected in several areas of the brain associated with vomiting, including the AP, NTS and dorsal motor vagal nucleus. The neurokinin can activate neurons in the AP and NTS. SP is present also in sensory nerves in the gut as well as being co-localised with serotonin in some enterochromaffin cells. 

CNTF supports survival and differentiation of selected neuron populations including sensory, sympathetic, and motoneurons. Also, nonneuronal cells, such as... 

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory neurones, chromaffin, neuroblastoma and PC 12 cells (ganglionic nAChR, typically comprised of a3,a5,(32,(34 or al subunits)... 

The epithelium covering the nasal cavity. This epithelium contains numerous cell types including the specialized olfactory sensory neurons which detect the chemical stimuli derived from smells by a specific family of G protein-coupled receptors known as olfactory receptors. 

Ototoxicity describes a harmful effect on the inner ear, especially the sensory cells in the cochlea and the vestibular organ. Aminoglycosides are an example of drugs with ototoxic side effects. 

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