Somatic maturation

Roy LM, Haccard O, Izumi T, Lattes BG, Lewellyn AL, Mailer JL 1996 Mos proto-oncogene function during oocyte maturation in Xenopus. Oncogene 12 2203-2211 Sagata N 1997 What does Mos do in oocytes and somatic cells Bioessays 19 13-21... 

Haploid cells have only a single copy of each chromosome. This occurs normally in the mature germ cell. Diploid cells, in contrast have two copies of each chromosome most normal somatic cells are diploid. The fact that yeast cells are haploid renders genetic analysis much easier because one has taken sex out of the equation - the question remains whether it is as much fun ... 

Meiosis A spedal method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH]... 

As compared to DCs, B cells are very poor APCs and play a major role as source for antibodies. Upon stimulation by antigens and in the presence of T cells at the border of the T-cell-B-cell area, adjacent to follicles, B cells become antibody-secreting cells and eventually form a germinal center (GC) response. GCs are specialized follicles for B-cell expansion, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination, processes that are regulated by T cells, follicular DCs, and other cells. In this process of B-cell maturation, Tregs seem to play a critical role, as in several immune diseases, which are characterized by aberrant antibody... 

Fig. 6. Human development represents a continnnm with distinct facets associated with somatic growth, maturation of organs and organ systems, and psychosocial development. The net result is a physiologically mature human, capable of reprodnction. In the context of therapentics, it mnst be recognized that genetic constitntion, environment (including diet), concomitant disease state(s) and their treatment cnt across the continuum of development indifferential dimensions and as...

Griffiths, G.M., Berek, C., Kaartinen, M., Milstein, C. (1984). Somatic mutation and the maturation of immune response to 2-phenyl oxazolone. Nature 312, 271-275. 

Wilson, M., Hsu, E., Marcuz, A., Courtet, M., Du Pasquier, L., Steinberg, C. (1992). What limits affinity maturation in Xenopus—the rate of somatic mutation or the ability to select mutants EMBOJ. 11,4337-4347. 

Phospholipids are most actively employed in the creation of somatic and generative production. Gonad maturation is accompanied by a sharp increase in the phospholipid concentration of the liver and blood (Shchepkin, 1972), indicating enhanced synthesis and transport into the gonads. The phospholipid concentration is greater in the gonads than in somatic tissues. 

Anti-dsDNA Antibodies Are Antigen-Driven. There is evidence that variable regions of both heavy and light chains of both murine and human monoclonal anti-dsDNA antibodies are produced after an affinity maturation process via isotype switching, clonal selection, and somatic mutation (D5, D9, Wll, C16, V3). These findings suggest that anti-dsDNA antibodies are produced by an... 

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