Somatic mutation/recombination test

Wurgler FE, Graff U, Frei H. 1985. Somatic mutation and recombination test in wings of Drosophila melanogaster. In Ashby J, de Serres FJ, et al., eds. Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers, 325-340. 

Graf U, Wurgler FE, Katz AL, et al. 1984. Somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster. Environ Mutagen 6 153-188. 

A small increase in somatic mutation frequency was reported in the eye-colour spot test with Drosophila melanogaster exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the feed but no effect was observed in two independent wing-spot tests. In a single study, mitotic recombination was not induced by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate neither was sex-linked recessive lethal mutation induced in two studies in D. melanogaster treated with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the feed or by injection. When administered to D. melanogaster, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and A-nitrosodiethylamine induced DNA double-strand breakage and DNA repair, although neither compound was active when administered alone. 

Drosophila melanogaster, somatic mutation (and recombination), wing-spot test... 

Another target of Vinca alkaloids seems to be DNA. Tiburi et ai. [184] showed that vinblastine, vincristine and vinorelbine all had significant genotoxicity, as assayed by the wing Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) of Drosophila. All the three drugs caused increments in the incidence of mutational events and somatic recombination. 

Graf, U., A. Alonso Moraga, R. Castro, and E. Diaz CarriUo. 1994. Genotoxicity testing of different t)q3es of beverages in the Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32(5) 423-430. 

Dose-dependent induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were observed in human lymphocytes treated with dill leaf or seed essential oil. No significant effects of dill seed essential oil were observed in the Drosophila melanogaster somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in vivo (Lazutka et al. 2001). 

Inconclusive results on the genotoxicity of sunflower seed oil were obtained in the Drosophila somatic mutation and recombination test (Rojas-Molina et al. 2005). 

Conversely, antimutagenic activity of pepper was observed in the somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster treated with the promutagen agent ethyl carbamate. Pepper was not effective, however, in inhibiting mutation events induced by the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (El Hamss et al. 2003). 

No genotoxicity of an aqueous extract of cat s claw was observed in a somatic mutation and recombination test in DrosophUa melanogaster (Romero-Jimenez et al. 2005). 

The photoreduction of henzophenone triplets in micellar solution leads to the generation of isolated radical pairs, the behaviour of which resembles that of biradicals (Scaiano et al. 1982). Radical pair decay is controlled by intersystem crossing and by radical exit from the micelle. 2-Hydroxy-4-metho-xybenzophenone, a commonly used sunscreen, was neither genotoxic in the Drosophila somatic mutation and recombination test nor clastogenic in the cytogenetic assay in rat bone marrow cells (Robison et al. 1994). 

At present, several antigenotoxicity/genotoxicity assays which include the chromosome aberration (CA), micronucleus (MN), somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or COMET assays are available, and they are recommended to be used as a set for investigations. 

In a study of Villatoro-Pulido et al. [155], radish was grown on metal-contaminated or control soU, harvested, and fed to larvae of Drosophila melanogaster for which the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wings is well established. Radish roots of untreated soils were not genotoxic, the ones of metal-treated soils rally at highest concentrations and all shoots of metals-treated soils caused genotoxicity in the fruitfly. To learn more about the genotoxic potential of cadmium, like threshold values, in plants and their consumers is therefore important. 

Vogel, E.W. (1985) The Drosophila somatic recombination and mutation assay (SRM) using the white-coral somatic eye color system. In Ashby, J., de Serres, F.J., Draper, M., Ishidate, M., Jr, Maigolin, B.H., Matter, B.E. Shelby, M.D., eds, Progress in Mutation Research, Volume 5, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Programme on Chemical Safety s Collaborative Study on in vitro assays, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science, pp. 313-317... 

---