Somatic change

Depression and mania are both affective disorders but their symptoms and treatments are quite distinct. Mania is expressed as heightened mood, exaggerated sense of self-worth, irritability, aggression, delusions and hallucinations. In stark contrast, the most obvious disturbance in depression is melancholia that often co-exists with behavioural and somatic changes (Table 20.1). Some individuals experience dramatic mood swings between depression and mania. This is known as "bipolar disorder which, like mania itself, is treated with lithium salts or neuroleptics. 

Watkins SS, Stinus L, Koob GF, Markou A (2000) Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats centrally and peripherally mediated effects, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292 1053-1064... 

Vann RE, Balster RL, Beardsley PM (2006) Dose, duration, and pattern of nicotine adminstration as determinants of behavioral dependence in rats. Psychopharmacology 184 482-93 Vastola BJ, Douglas LA, VarUnskaya El, Spear LP (2002) Nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in adolescent and adult rats. Physiol Behav 77 107-114 Watkins SS, Stinus L, Koob GE, Markou A (2000) Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats centrally and peripherally mediated effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292 1053-1064... 

Bernard, O., Hozumi, N., Tonegawa, S. (1978). Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes. Cell 15,1133-1144. 

Tonegawa, S., Hozumi, N., Matthyssens, G Schuller, R. (1976). Somatic changes in the content and context of immunoglobulin genes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 41,877-889. 

Myxedema The adult or acquired form of hypothyroidism characterized by decreased metabolic rate, lethargy, decreased mental alertness, weight gain, and other somatic changes. 

Early attempts to produce experimental models of lead toxicity used doses of lead so high as to make their relevance to the problem of human lead poisoning questionable. Nutritional deficits and somatic changes were induced, causing problems of interpretation. Overall, it was found very difficult to compare the findings of animal studies with those in man. 

III Polydystrophic oligophrenia, Sanfilippo s disease Autosomal recessive Minor somatic changes, severe mental retardation Heparitin sulfate... 

Moderately high Reproductive tissue Doses of 100 R will reduce fertility, and doses of 200 to 300 R can produce infertility lasting about 12 to 15 months. Irradiation of the gonads leads to somatic changes in the germ cells and can cause mutations in future offspring. 

Somatic changes. Certain late effects, such as cataracts, leukopenia (lowering of white blood cell count), and sterility, have been documented. 

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