Surface markers

EIA was originally developed as a histological technique to localize specific ceUular sites using the specificity of an immunological reaction (23). The resulting fluorescent antibodies can be detected in animal tissues at levels as low as 1 /tg/mL of body fluid. Eluorophore-labeled antibodies have also been used widely for flow cytometry appHcations using fluorescein antibodies to cell surface markers to detect and quantify specific cells (24). 

Cellular therapies in transplantation and cancer are based on specific cells separated or sorted from human blood, bone marrow, or cord blood by means of their specific cell surface markers or cell differentiation antigens, e.g., CD3, CD4, CD8, CD 14, CD 19, and CD34. For example, the CD34+ stem cells, especially those derived from human embryos, have the capacity to differentiate in culture to generate different somatic cells, e.g., liver cells, heart cells, neurons, etc. This exploding field of research is now termed regenerative medicine. 

Jyonouchi, H. et al., Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. I. Effects of P-carotene and astaxanthin on murine lymphocyte functions and cell surface marker expression in in vitro culture system, Nutr. Cancer, 19, 93, 1991. 

Patients with cell-surface markers indicating that the blasts are early in the B-cell lineage (CD markers) are standard risk, whereas those with mature B-cell and T-cell blasts are considered high risk. 

Mean, 6 years (occup) Immunological Decrease in some surface markers and IgG and IgM 38-100 Ondeger et al. 1996... 

Instruments). The antibody panel will be selected to include ubiquitous cytoplasmic, nuclear, and surface markers. Accurate biochemical quantification of proteins in the cell/tissue model will be undertaken for validation of the IHC findings. 

There is considerable interest in measuring the concentration of cell surface markers, such as Her2Ineu. For image analysis, this is a very difficult problem. 

The neoangiogenic tumor vasculature overexpresses certain integrins and other surface markers, which can also be used for targeting of polyplexes. The RGD peptide motif has been successfully applied for integrin-targeted pDNA [125-128] and siRNA [129, 130] delivery. In many cases, the PEG motif-containing peptide was attached to the polycation via a PEG spacer. For RGD-PEG-PEI/pDNA polyplexes, an optimum grafting with RGD-PEG was required because transfection... 

Ko I-K, Kato K, Iwata H (2005) Parallel analysis of multiple surface markers expressed on rat neural stem cells using antibody microarrays. Biomaterials 26 4882 -891... 

Bakkus, M.H., Brakel-van Peer, K.M., Adriaansem, H.J., Wierenga-Wolf, A.F., van den Akker, T.W., Dicke-Evingep M.J., and Benner, R. (1989) Detection of oncogene expression by fluorescent in situ hybridization in combination with immunofluorescent staining of cell surface markers. Oncogene 4,1255-1262. 

Boyer, C.M., Lidor, Y., Lottich, S.C., and Bast Jr., R.C. (1988) Antigenic cell surface markers in human solid tumors. Antibody, Immunoconjugates, Radiopharm. 1, 105. 

A number of other issues must now be addressed including determining if the IgG-protein A affinity is sufficiently high to keep the antibody associated with the virus in vivo. The full potential of this approach will also require more detailed characterization of surface markers uniquely associated with different cell types. However, the approach exemplifies the types of technical innovation now being introduced that will make second-generation vectors more suited to their role in gene therapy. 

Current hypotheses indicate that B-cell transcriptional processes are disrupted, which prevent expression of B-cell surface markers and production of immunoglobulin messenger RNA. Alterations in the normal apoptotic pathways favor cell survival and proliferation. 

Tuschl, H., Kovac, R. and Weber, E., The expression of surface markers on dendritic cells as indicators for the sensitizing potential of chemicals, Toxicol. In Vitro, 14, 541, 2000. 

Flow cytometry is now commonly used in immunotoxicity studies to assess changes in relative frequency and number of lymphoid and myeloid cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or peripheral blood of rodents, and in the peripheral blood of humans. A list of selected cell surface markers useful in immunotoxicity studies is shown in Table 7.3. Notably, the majority of available reagents are specific for murine antigens with human reagent availability a close second. Reagents for rat, primate, and... 

FIGURE 7.5 7,8-BPQ increases intracellular Ca2+ in murine spleen cells (A) and in both B and T cells (B). Single cell suspensions were prepared from murine spleens. Splenocytes were loaded with Fluo-3/AM dye for one hour and then treated with 7,8-BPQ, 1,6-BPQ, 3,6-BPQ, or DMSO (control). Surface-marker-defined T cells and B cells were treated with 7,8-BPQ or DMSO. Following treatment, the immediate intracellular Ca2+ response was continuously monitored for 15 minutes. Results are shown as the change in Mean Channel Fluorescence SEM. The numbers shown in this figure were the averages of triplicate determinants. Adapted from Gao et al., 2005. 

Mounho, B.J., Davila, D.R., and Burchiel, S.W., Characterization of intracellular calcium responses produced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface marker-defined human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 145, 323, 1997. 

Of particular note, fish immunologists generally lack some reagents to quantify leukocyte subsets, yet this area of research is improving as genomics and proteomics (mostly from zebrafish) are finding homologues of many cell surface markers. Almost... 

Grasman, K.A., and Whitacre, L.A., Effects of 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on thymocyte surface marker expression and immune organ development in chicken embryos, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 62, 101, 2001. 

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