Shelters

Shielding and Stabilization. Inclusion compounds may be used as sources and reservoirs of unstable species. The inner phases of inclusion compounds uniquely constrain guest movements, provide a medium for reactions, and shelter molecules that self-destmct in the bulk phase or transform and react under atmospheric conditions. Clathrate hosts have been shown to stabiLhe molecules in unusual conformations that can only be obtained in the host lattice (138) and to stabiLhe free radicals (139) and other reactive species (1) similar to the use of matrix isolation techniques. Inclusion compounds do, however, have the great advantage that they can be used over a relatively wide temperature range. Cyclobutadiene, pursued for over a century has been generated photochemicaHy inside a carcerand container (see (17) Fig. 5) where it is protected from dimerization and from reactants by its surrounding shell (140). 

A listing of compounds evaluated in the laboratory as cockroach repeUents summarizes 872 synthetic compounds out of 901 bioassayed from 1953 to 1974 (43). EenchoHc acid [512-77-6] (3-isopropyl-1-methylcyclopentanecarboxyHc acid) has been used as a standard repeUent in tests conducted by placing 20 cockroaches in a glass crystallizing dish without food and water and offering them a choice of two cardboard shelters, one of which was treated with 1 or 2 mL of a 1% solution of the candidate in acetone. Counts were made daily for seven days. 

Roofs are a basic element of shelter from inclement weather. Natural or hewn caves, including those of snow or ice, ate early evidence of human endeavors for protection from the cold, wind, rain, and sun. Nomadic people, before the benefits of agriculture had been discovered and housing schemes developed, depended on the availabiUty of natural materials to constmct shelters. Portable shelters, eg, tents, probably appeared early in history. Later, more permanent stmctures were developed from stone and brick. SaUent features depended strongly on the avadabihty of natural materials. The Babylonians used mud to form bricks and tiles that could be bonded with mortars or natural bitumen. Ancient buildings in Egypt were characterized by massive walls of stone and closely spaced columns that carried stone lintels to support a flat roof, often made of stone slabs. 

Textiles are among the most ubiquitous materials ia society. They provide shelter and protection from the environment ia the form of apparel, as weU as comfort and decoration ia the form of household textiles such as sheets, upholstery, carpeting, drapery, and wall coveting, and they serve a variety of iadustrial functions, eg, as tire reinforcement, tenting, filter media, conveyor belts, iasulation, and reinforcement media ia various composite materials. 

Landfill-operation plan. The layout of the site and the development of a workable operating schedule are the main features of a landfill-operation plan. In planning the layout of a landfill site, the location of the following must be determined (1) access roads (2) equipment shelters (3) scales, if used (4) storage sites for special wastes (5) topsoil-stockpile sites (6) landfill areas and (7) plantings. 

People have used polymers for far longer than metals. From the earliest times, wood, leather, wool and cotton have been used for shelter and clothing. Many natural polymers are cheap and plentiful (not all, though think of silk) and remarkably strong. But they evolved for specific natural purposes - to support a tree, to protect an animal -and are not always in the form best suited to meet the needs of engineering. 

The compressor or blower installation in a typical refinery or chemical process unit is not out-of-doors completely. Some form of shelter often is provided, ranging from only a roof to a completely closed building. When process equipment such as a centrifugal gas compressor, which is not hazardous in normal operation, is present in the shelter, the hazard classification depends on the extent to that which the shelter restricts ventilation. The extent of the shelter provided determines the area classification and the type of motor enclosure that should be applied. 

It is generally agreed that a shelter with a roof having ridge ventilation and with curtain walls not extending lower than 8 feet above the operating platform would be freely ventilated. Because a gas compressor would not be a source of hazard, except under abnormal conditions such as an equipment failure, this type of compressor shelter is usually classified as a Division 2 area. 

In accordance with the RP 500 definition, any shelter having more obstruction to air passage than a roof and one wall closed limit is considered to have restricted ventilation and is classified Division 1. 

Motor enclosure types for compressor service under shelters are applied as follows ... 

In the forcc-ventilated or drip-proof types, the cooling air passes directly over the motor winding insulation. As a rule of thumb, a motor requires about 4,000 cfm of cooling air per thousand horsepower. Therefore, the possibilities of airborne dust and dirt collecting on the winding must he considered carefully. Filters in the air intake will lessen the hazards of this condition. Not much can be done about moisture drawn in with the cooling air, but careful selection of motor location inside ihe shelter can minimize the amount of wind-blown rain striking the motor. 

Recognizing all the factors mentioned, the drip-proof type has been the favored enclosure for service in shelters classified Division 2 or in safe areas because it offers adequate protection at the lowest installed cost (see Figure 7-6). In most applications, air-inlake filters and screens have been provided. In one instance, a modified drip-proof enclosure was installed with provision for future filter installation. 

I have described Lifshin as a specialist in characterisation . This is almost a contradiction in terms, because the techniques that are sheltered under the characterisation umbrella are so numerous, varied and sophisticated that nobody can be truly expert in them all, even if his entire working time is devoted to the pursuit of characterisation. The problem is more serious for other materials scientists whose primary interest lies elsewhere. As Lifshin has expressed it in the preface to an encyclopedia of materials characterisation (Cahn and Lifshin 1993), scientists and engineers have enough difficulty in keeping up with advances in their own fields without having to be materials characterisation experts. However, it is essential to have enough basic understanding of currently used analytical methods to be able to interact effectively with such experts (my italics). ... 

Direction and control communications evacuation and sheltering medical treatment facilities resource management cleanup and disposal decontamination and documentation. 

It should be noted that the above maximum radiant heat density criteria for application to inadvertently ignited atmospheric releases from pressure relief valves or vents are less restrictive than those used for flare design. This results from the fact that flares are continuously ignited, whereas ignition of a relieving PR valve is unlikely. In addition, the area surrounding a flare is open and offers no protection, while within a process unit access to shelter is available. 

Provision for eool rest areas, ineluding shelters within the exehision zone ... 

NTKi (l-trt96 defined two EPZ at radii of 10 miles to provide protection from direct niduiion hy evacuating or sheltering the public and at 50 miles within which food and water interdiction would prole,a from this dose pathway. 

Sheltering-in-place has become common throughout the country where there is industry like that at Texas City. 

Emergency Flan Responses Sirens/warning, Emergency prtKedures, Personnel safety equipment. Sheltering, Escape and evacuation External Events Early detection. Early warning, Specially designed sfn- ctures Training... 

Humans seek and want thermal comfort, even at work in industrial settings. Clothing, activities, posture, location, and shelter are chosen, adjusted, altered, and sought consciously and unconsciously to reduce discomforts and enable us to focus more on the other tasks of life. Discomfort can contribute to mistakes, productivity decreases, and industrial accidents. " Thermal discomfort results from the physiological strain of thermoregulation. The strain can be in the form of altered body temperatures, sweating and excessive skin moisture, muscle tension and stiffness, shivering, and loss of dexterity. A small... 

The wind velocities are local values at the height of the doorway, so no additional wind sheltering coefficients or height corrections are necessary. A solution is sought for which both situations above can be handled with the same air curtain device by just changing the fan speed and the heating power of the air curtain. 

For simplified buildings or in cases where detailed modeling is not practical, simplified tables of coefficients are presented by Liddament for low-rise buildings with two building shapes, for open and sheltered buildings, and for various walls and approach wind angles.ASHRAE also summarizes results from other studies. ... 

Leakage path leeward Leakage of building air that takes place due to structural openings on the downwind or sheltered side of a building. 

The above methods assume that all superheated liquids can flash explosively, yet this may perhaps be the case only for liquids above their superheat-limit temperatures or for pre-nucleated fluids. Furthermore, the energies of evaporating liquid and expanding vapor ate taken together, while in practice, they may produce separate blasts. Finally, in practice, there are usually structures in the vicinity of an explosion which will reflect blast or provide wind shelter, thereby influencing the blast parameters. 

Earthquake statistics reveal that about 50% of those inside a collapsing building will be killed, either immediately or as a result of injuries sustained. Other data are lacking, but one could assume a similar percentage for people inside buildings that collapse as a result of blast. This assumption is supported by the fact that, in both cases, the event is sudden and unexpected, so there is neither a place nor the time to find other shelter. 

Security needs shelter, secure sources of the existence needs, freedom from fear, need for structure in life... 

Because the positive pole is relatively sheltered from close approach, these solvents cannot effectively solvate anions, which, therefore, display an enhanced nucleophilicity... 

---