Material characterisation

J. P. Sibiha,M Guide to Materials Characterisation and Chemical Analysis, VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1988. 

I have described Lifshin as a specialist in characterisation . This is almost a contradiction in terms, because the techniques that are sheltered under the characterisation umbrella are so numerous, varied and sophisticated that nobody can be truly expert in them all, even if his entire working time is devoted to the pursuit of characterisation. The problem is more serious for other materials scientists whose primary interest lies elsewhere. As Lifshin has expressed it in the preface to an encyclopedia of materials characterisation (Cahn and Lifshin 1993), scientists and engineers have enough difficulty in keeping up with advances in their own fields without having to be materials characterisation experts. However, it is essential to have enough basic understanding of currently used analytical methods to be able to interact effectively with such experts (my italics). ... 

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) with their variants (scanning transmission microscopes, analytical microscopes, high-resolution microscopes, high-voltage microscopes) are now crucial tools in the study of materials crystal defects of all kinds, radiation damage, ofif-stoichiometric compounds, features of atomic order, polyphase microstructures, stages in phase transformations, orientation relationships between phases, recrystallisation, local textures, compositions of phases... there is no end to the features that are today studied by TEM. Newbury and Williams (2000) have surveyed the place of the electron microscope as the materials characterisation tool of the millennium . 

Sibilia (1988), in his guide to materials characterisation and chemical analysis, offers a concise discussion of the sensitivity of different analytical techniques for... 

Brundle, C.R., Evans, C.A. and Wilson, S. (eds.) (1992) Encyclopedia of Materials Characterisation (Butterworth-Heinemann and Greenwich Manning, Boston). 

Cahn, R.W. and Lifshin, E. (eds.) (1993) Concise Encyclopedia of Materials Characterisation (Pergamon Press, Oxford) p. xxii. 

Turner, J.N. and Szarowski, D.H. (1993) in Concise Encyclopedia of Materials Characterisation, eds. Cahn, R.W. and Lifshin, E. (Pergamon Press, Oxford) p. 68. Unwin, D.J. (1990) in Physicists Look Back Studies in the History of Physics, ed. Roche, J. (Adam Hilger, Bristol) p. 237. 

This paper summarises an initial feasibility on reeyling scrap automotive plasties and eomposites using a eatalytie conversion process. The eharaeterisationofhydroearbon products is presented for sheet moulding compound (SMC), auto shredder residue (ASR) and reinforeed polypropylene (R-PP) materials and mixtures of body panels. Gas chromatography and scanning electron microscopy is used for the material characterisation. 26 refs. 

XRD allows standard materials characterisation. A set of diffraction angles and relative intensities is characteristic of each individual chemical compound. By... 

Jan C.J. Bart (PhD Structural Chemistry, University of Amsterdam) is a senior scientist with broad interest in materials characterisation, heterogeneous catalysis and product development who spent an industrial carrier in R D with Monsanto, Montedison and DSM Research in various countries. The author has held several teaching assignments and researched extensively in both academic and industrial areas he authored over 250 scientific papers, including chapters in books. Dr Bart has acted as a Ramsay Memorial Fellow at the... 

These interrelationships should not be viewed as an exercise in mathematics but an additional and useful tool in material characterisation. The mathematical relationships between some of the experiments are complicated to derive. The simplest example is presented in the next section and in sections that follow the relationships are stated rather than discussed in depth. They are summarised in Figure 4.18. 

In this chapter we introduce high resolution diffraction studies of materials, beginning from the response of a perfect crystal to a plane wave, namely the Bragg law and rocking curves. We compare X-rays with electrons and neutrons for materials characterisation, and we compare X-rays with other surface analytic techniques. We discuss the definition and purpose of high resolution X-ray diffraction and topographic methods. We also give the basic theory required for initial use of the techniques. 

Thin epitaxial layers display a rich variety of X-ray optical phenomena which can be exploited for materials characterisation. Superlattice structures in... 

In this chapter we show how restricting the angular acceptance of the detector adds another dimension to the information available from high resolution diffraction techniques, enabling strains and tilts in a sample to be identified separately. We explain the reciprocal space representation of triple-axis diffraction maps, and give several examples of its application to materials characterisation. 

Key Words Mg NMR, Solid state NMR, Signal enhancement, First-principles calculations, Materials characterisation... 

After preparation of newly developed membranes, high temperature permeation measurements were performed by VITO in Belgium. Steam treatment and membrane material characterisation were performed at SINTEF in Norway and reactor testing together with kinetic modelling of the reactor at IRC in France. The development of a high temperature test module for this reactor testing was the task of Velterop BV in the Netherlands. 

Experimental materials characterisation. Linear and non linear viscoelastic response, simple shear, extensional flow and mixed shear behaviour. 

Certified nuclear reference materials (Characterised and certified for analysis and safeguards)... 

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