Landfill operations

Landfill G as Recovery. This process has emerged from the need to better manage landfill operations. Landfill gas is produced naturally anaerobic bacteria convert the disposed organic matter into methane, carbon monoxide, and other gases. The quantity of methane gas is substantial and could be utilized as fuel, but generally is not. Most of the methane simply leaks into the surrounding atmosphere. 

At some landfills, operators have installed flares to combust the gas without recovering any energy. Typically, these cases arise because electricity seU-back rates are too low to justify generation equipment, and laws require a reduction in methane emissions. 

Landfill-operation plan. The layout of the site and the development of a workable operating schedule are the main features of a landfill-operation plan. In planning the layout of a landfill site, the location of the following must be determined (1) access roads (2) equipment shelters (3) scales, if used (4) storage sites for special wastes (5) topsoil-stockpile sites (6) landfill areas and (7) plantings. 

Bioreactor landfill operations should comply with RCRA landfill facility standards under 40 CFR Part 264. It should be noted that SARA strongly recommends on-site treatment that permanently and significantly reduces the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous substances, and utilizes cost-effective permanent solutions. The legislation prohibits land disposal of hazardous wastes unless U.S. EPA determines otherwise. U.S. EPA guidance for CERCLA responses requires most on-site disposal actions to attain or exceed applicable and relevant standards of all Federal public health and environmental laws unless specific circumstances dictate otherwise. 

Coyote Canyon Landfill, Sornis, CA MSW landfill Operational April 1994... 

Duvall Custodial Landfill, Duvall, WA MSW landfill Operational 1999... 

Fort Carson, Colorado Springs, CO MSW landfill Operational October 2000... 

Horseshoe Bend Landfill, Lawrenceburg, TN Industrial waste landfill Operational 1998... 

Municipal Waste Landfill at Kirtland Air Force Base, NM waste landfill MSW landfill Operational 2002... 

Operating Industries Inc. Landfill Superfund Site, CA MSW landfill Operational May 2000... 

Finley Buttes Regional Landfill, OR (ACAP project) MSW landfill Operational November 2000... 

Milliken Landfill, San Bernadino County, CA (ACAP project) waste landfill MSW landfill Operational 1997... 

Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, UT Hazardous waste landfill Operational 1994... 

Uranium Mill Tailings Repository, UT (ACAP project) Hazardous waste landfill Operational July 2000... 

For sites on very arid land or on steep slopes, an armoring system, or hardened cap, may be more effective than a vegetative layer for securing a landfill. Operators should not depend on an agricultural layer for protection in areas where vegetation cannot survive. Many States allow asphalt caps as an alternative to vegetative covers. Some closures at industrial sites have involved constructing... 

Sometimes these wastes are nontoxic and can be deposited in a sanitary landfill. This generally costs between 4 and 5 per ton.61 Landfill operations can, however, be expected to increase in price as land becomes scarcer, pollution laws become tougher, and maybe even disposal taxes are levied. 

Concentrated wastes can result from bad product being made, unsalable byproducts, contamination of products, laboratory wastes, and previously mentioned pollution-abatement steps that concentrate the pollutants. Whatever their source, if recovery is impossible, they must be eliminated. The most common means are incineration or pyrolysis followed by landfill operations and/or compacting. As... 

A Construction and Demolition landfill near Maalaea Maui caught fire on about 26 January, 1998. Landfill operators retained consultants to assist in putting out the fire. After repeated injections of liquid carbon dioxide and application of a soil cap, the fire was subdued to the point of no visible smoke as of early February 1998. Residents of the Maalaea condominium community condominiums, about one mile due south, had complained of... 

Biogas can be obtained from digesting the organic material of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The composition of MSW varies by the somce of waste however, in all cases the major constituents of MSW are organic in nature and the organics accoimts for more than 50% of MSW. The economic exploitation of methane is worthwhile after one year from the start of the landfill operation. 

Waste streams resulting from the inadvertent production of hexachlorobutadiene as a by product of certain chlorinated hydrocarbons typically contain 33-80% hexachlorobutadiene. These wastes are disposed of by various methods. Over the last decade, disposal practices have shifted from landfilling to incineration. Incineration, which is considered the preferred method of disposal, reportedly achieves greater than 99.9% destruction efficiency (EPA 1982d). In 1982, approximately 68% of an estimated 27 million pounds of hexachlorobutadiene wastes were disposed of by incineration, 32% by deep well injection, and less than 0.2% by hazardous waste landfill operations (EPA1982d). 

Hexachlorobutadiene may be released to soil by disposal of wastes in landfill operations. In 1982, only 0.2% of the 27 million pounds of hexachlorobutadiene waste produced as a by-product of chlorinated hydrocarbon-synthesis was disposed of in landfill operations (EPA 1982b). These data indicate that the release to soil was approximately 54,000 pounds. According to TRI90 (1992), no hexachlorobutadiene was discharged to the soil from manufacturing and processing facilities in the United States in 1990 (see Table 5-1). The TRI data should be used with caution since only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Hexachlorobutadiene is not produced for commercial purposes in the United States, however small amounts are imported from Germany. Hexachlorobutadiene is mainly produced as a by-product of chlorinated hydrocarbon synthesis and is a primary component of "hex-wastes" (EPA 1982b). Its uses as a pesticide and fumigant have been discontinued. Hexachlorobutadiene is disposed chiefly by incineration, and to a lesser extent by deep well injection and landfill operations (EPA 1982b). More recent production and release data would be helpful in estimating human exposure to hexachlorobutadiene. 

Processed tyre utilization Road base till Landfill operations and construction Highway construction... 

Wastes sometimes are eliminated by burying however, landfill operations usually are followed by some constructive use of the area. Therefore, chemicals buried in such a location may handicap the subsequent use of the site. Where there is a possibility that vapors or reactive product gases could rise to the surface or where the chemical might destroy foundations or interfere with well water supplies, this type of disposal cannot be used. Disposal at sea has been practiced along the coastline, but is being discontinued because of effects on marine life and the possibility of materials being washed up along the shore. 

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