Shelter intensity

The nature of the hazard considering both intensity and duration. Shelters vary in tlic degree of protection provided. For tliermal tmd toxic hazards, shelters can liave a beneficial effect. However, for explosions, tlie hazard maybe greater because of the possibility of the building collapsing. 

Heat intensity on structures and in areas where operators are not likely to be performing duties and w here shelter from radiant heat is available (for example, behind equipment)... 

Using the 7/10 rule, 7 hours after an explosion, radiation levels will have dropped by a factor of 10. After 7 x 7 = 49 hours (about 2 days), the levels will have dropped by a factor of 100. After 7 x 7 x 7 = 343 hours (about 14 days), the levels will have dropped by a factor of 1000. Most of the intense radiation will be gone within the first few days after the explosion. It is assumed that after 2 days, individuals can surface to quickly gather resources (Table 5.3 also shows how long an individual has to seek shelter, gather resources, etc.). Ideally, movement of emergency responders and sheltered individuals will be controlled until measured radiation levels are acceptable and evacuation instructions are provided. However, as a rule, it is best to stay sheltered for at least 14 days, after which time it is assumed that radiation levels will have dropped enough to be able to leave the area — quickly. 

Nuclear Explosion Survival Rule 2 Seek shelter or retreat behind a solid barrier immediately and stay hidden for at least 2 minutes. Note that every fraction of a second out in the open increases exposure to the intense heat, initial radiation, and air blast. 

The intense initial heat lasts several seconds and the initial radiation lasts only a few minutes. Seek shelter behind some solid barrier (i.e., a brick wall or subway tunnel) as soon as possible to avoid high radiation doses and thermal burns. Hopefully, this solid barrier will also be able to endure the coming air blast. An air blast from a nuclear explosion travels at approximately 5 miles per second and carries with it glass, metal, or any debris in its path. By immediately retreating behind a solid barrier, individuals can avoid exposure to the initial heat and radiation and hopefully survive the air blast. The next challenge is seeking long-term shelter to avoid the radiation from fallout. 

On Barbados, where sampling was most intense, an apparent decline accompanied the rainy, storm season, with a rise, noticed first at more sheltered locations, afterwards. Maximum numbers were found between 1 and 4m. Contrary to Besada (48), intertidal samples were... 

Yet another example of natural chemical bonding is solidification of desert soils to build bird houses in Egypt. Nile silt was mixed with desert grass and river water to make tower shapes on concrete roofs (Fig. 1.2). Holes made in these towers provide shelter to the birds, which eventually are sold for food. The minerals from such rich soils consolidate when they are mixed with water and are dried in the intense sun of the desert. 

The first major task faced by planners is to assess the current state of the EHS system. Significant variability exists in the components of the EHS system. Planners must know the exact capabilities of each component. For the EMS dispatch system, how is dispatch performed and how can it be used to make triage decisions For EMS, how many ambulances and EMS providers exist How many can be requested from surrounding regions How are the destinations of EMS patients determined For EDs, how many can handle major trauma Minor trauma Intensive care patients How can a massive influx of patients be handled What alternate sites for care exist What transportation resources are available for distributing treated patients efficiently to maintain ED inflow and outflow What alternate shelter sources exist What preparations for mass decontamination are in place This survey must be continually repeated to ensure that the latest data are available to planners. 

The comparison of the fluorescence spectra of p-lactoglobulin in an aqueous solution and in 50% ethanol (v/v) (not shown) demonstrates that the maximum of the tryptophan fluorescence emission is shifted from 332 nm to 338 nm, respectively. Additionally, a concomitant increase in the maximum fluorescence intensity may be observed. Red shift of the emission maximum implies that under the influence of alcohol the tryptophan residues, which in aqueous solutions are sheltered in the hydrophobic interior of a protein molecule [77], become more exposed to a polar environment. 

To prevent and cure deficiency iodine must be administered, as a rule orally. Premised vitamin and mineral feed supplements are used in more intensive husbandry. Mineral blocks and iodized saltlicks are used on pastureland (Cheeke, 1991). As iodine is water-soluble and may precipitate, the feed should be sheltered or protected by covered troughs. 

To minimise dependence on such equipment, collective protection is a prerequisite. Toxic-free areas can be established by means of a filtered air supply and the maintenance of internal over-pressure in all enclosures, whether buildings in fixed installations like command posts and air bases, or in military vehicles including tanks and armoured personnel carriers, or in modern naval vessels by internal citadels or in improvised field shelters. Decontamination of personnel and equipment will provide further relief from the dangers of chemical agents. It is a labour-intensive process, involving a copious supply of water, the... 

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