Adequate protection

The American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) (4) accepts spice as any dried plant product used primarily for seasoning purposes. This broad definition was designed so that items labeled only as spice could give adequate protection to proprietary formulas for spice mixtures. However, ASTA recommends that the dehydrated vegetables and the color spices be listed separately by name on all labels. ASTA also has recommended that the capsicums, no matter the species, be delisted as spices and labeled separately. 

Bags of various constmctions are used in the storage and transportation of dry chemicals. The choice of which type of bag to use should be based on the needs of the product for adequate protection and the requirements of the distribution network. To a certain degree, bags can be custom-made for a particular product indeed, almost any shipping requirement can be satisfied by one of many combinations of paper, plastic, and natural fibers incorporated in the design of bags. 

Eor toxic materials, it usually is advisable to provide ventilated sampling hoods or breathing-air stations and masks, to assure that the sampler is adequately protected from toxic or flammable vapors and dusts. Special provision for access to and exit from sampling points also may be needed at elevated locations and to avoid tripping or bumping ha2ards and to ensure that the sampler does not transverse areas not intended as walkways, eg, tank covers or roofs. 

As in dry compounding, acid acceptors must be incorporated into neoprene latices because of the wide use of these latices in coating fabrics and metals. The hydrochloric acid that forms during service life has a particularly destmetive effect on coated cotton fabrics that are not adequately protected. High zinc oxide concentration (ca 15 parts) and use of 0.4 parts AJ-phenyl-AT(p-toluenesulfonyl)-/)-phenylenediamine (Aranox, Uniroyal) as an antioxidant provides adequate protection. 

In 1980, the EPA pubHshed ambient water quaHty criteria for silver. An upper limit of 50 f-lg/L in natural waters was set to provide adequate protection against adverse health effects (38). In 1992, EPA deleted the human health criteria for silver from the ambient water quaHty criteria to be consistent with the drinking water standards (39). 

Vitamin D deficiency in animals may be caused by the fact that the vitamin is not available to the hvestock. Modem animal husbandry subjects animals to total confinement with htde or no exposure to sunlight. This mandates that they be given vitamin D-fortified diets. The vitamin is sensitive to oxidation, heat, light, and minerals, and significant losses may occur in the fortified feed unless the product is adequately protected. Mycotoxins in feeds also interfere with utilization of vitamin D in feeds (207—209). 

Although methylene chloride is considered a very stable compound, small amounts of stabilizets ate usually added at the time of manufacture. Additional stabdizets may be used to provide adequate protection against corrosion or solvent breakdown in specific appHcations. A representative commercial grade of methylene chloride has the following specifications ... 

A pressure-reducing v ve in a line leading to a pressure vessel is not adequate protection against overpressure. Its f ure will subject the vessel to full line pressure. 

Valve bags usually rely on a labyrinth of paper or plastic film to seal off the valve. The automatic internal valve, while adequately protecting the contents of the bag, does allow a small amount of sifting of fine powders. 

An electric motor must be adequately protected against all unfavourable operating conditions and internal or external faults. We have classified these conditions into three categories to identify the most suitable protection ... 

It is therefore essential to provide adequate protection for the motor to disconnect it from the mains quickly before any damage is caused to the most affected winding. The protection is based on the maximum heat that may be generated in the motor windings in the event of a negative sequence component in the system. 

As a result of tlie generally high rating of protective fuses they provide no adequate protection against an inter-turn fault. For critical installations, and for HT VTs particularly, a separate protection may be provided for inter-turn faults. 

To keep the number of CTs in parallel as small as possible, suggesting protection of individual feeders, rather than many feeders together, partieularly when the equipment is critical and requires a higher level of sensitivity for adequate protection. 

It has been seen that smaller rating HT machines are more susceptible to steeply rising voltage surges, compared to larger ratings, due to their relatively w eaker interturn insulation and require more careful attention to their adequate protection. We attempt to explain this phenomenon as follows ... 

For adequate protection of the machine it is essential to know the amplitude, F, and the rise time, /, of the severest voltage surge (FOW) that may occur on the system. It is recommended that the actual field tests be conducted for large installations according to the recommended simulation test circuits, noted above, to ascertain these surges. 

As regards the primary selection of the arrester, it is complete at this stage. But this selection must be checked for its adequate protective level and the energy absorption capability... 

A considerable quantity of this foreign element is needed to give adequate protection. The best is chromium, 18% of which gives a very protective oxide film it cuts down the rate of attack at 900°C, for instance, by more than 100 times. 

The ceramics SiC and Si3N4 do not share this problem. They oxidise readily (Table 21.1) but in doing so, a surface film of Si02 forms which gives adequate protection up to 1300°C. And because the film forms by oxidation of the material itself, it is self-healing. 

Recognizing all the factors mentioned, the drip-proof type has been the favored enclosure for service in shelters classified Division 2 or in safe areas because it offers adequate protection at the lowest installed cost (see Figure 7-6). In most applications, air-inlake filters and screens have been provided. In one instance, a modified drip-proof enclosure was installed with provision for future filter installation. 

For applications where surgical gloves provide adequate protection, if these are of natural rubber latex tlien powder-free gloves witli low/undetectable protein and allergen levels are advisable. (Alternatively the use of nitrile gloves eliminates the risk of latex allergy.)... 

Cables securely fastened and positioned so that conductors are adequately protected against mechanical and thermal stresses... 

Lachrymator A lachrymator is an irritant that causes tearing (watering of the eyes). Examples include onions, tear gas, and pepper spray (capsaicin). Some typical lachrymating chemicals are thionyl chloride (SOClj) and acrolein (CHj=CH-CHO). Certain chemicals may say lachrymator on the label so treat these with respect. Use these only in a fume hood. Goggles or safety glasses are not adequate protection for lachrymators, because the fumes can still reach your eyes directly or through inhalation. 

The materizils in current use have limited resistance to the broad ranges of commonly spilled chemicetl solvents. In fact, no one suit material is known to resist attack by all chemicals. Rubber or polymeric materials eire all permeable to some degree but for some chemicals, there is no acceptable gairment available to provide adequate protection for the wearer. Consequently chemiczil response teams must rely on an inventory of suits constructed of different materials to provide adequate personnel protection. 

Specific percentage by weight of a toxic chemical In the mixture or trade name product to be a trade secret, your notice to customers must contain a statement that the chemical Is present at a concentration that does not exceed a specified upper bound. For example, if a mixture contains 12 percent toluene and you consider the percentage a trade secret, the notification may state that the mixture contains toluene at no more than 15 percent by weight. The upper bound value chosen must be no larger than necessary to adequately protect the trade secret. 

Application of protective paints consists of surface preparation of steel, priming coat and finishing coats. Wherever possible, steel should be blast-cleaned before painting. Primers thoroughly wet the metal to promote adhesion of finishing paints and carry inhibitive pigments. For example, red lead oxide will minimize the spread of rust on metal surfaces. The total thickness of fmishing coats must be at least 0.125 mm for adequate protection and life. Four coats of paint usually are necessary to achieve this. 

In some cases where the ASME Code woidd not require pressure relief protection, the 1.5 Times Design Pressure Rule is apphcable. This rule is stated as follows Equipment may be considered to be adequately protected against overpressure from certain low-probability situations if the pressure does not exceed 1.5 times design pressure. This criterion has been selected since it generally does not exceed yield stress, and most Ukety would not occur more frequently than a hydrostatic test. Thus, it will protect against the possibility of a catastrophic failure. This rule is applied in special situations which have a low probability of occurrence but which cannot be completely ruled out. 

As a general rule, vacuum relief devices are permitted on offsite storage vessels handling clean finished products, since there is essentially no possibility of an internal ignition source. However, vacuum relief devices which permit breaking of a vacuum with inerts or flammable vapors are not permitted on process equipment, since they are not judged to be sufficiently rehable to provide adequate protection under all circumstances. Vacuum devices which permit air to enter may be considered, however, in cases where the equipment does not or cannot contain flammables e.g., some steam systems. 

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