Early warning

Project Control Having made a good estimate of the capital cost and the expected construc tion time, it is essential to introduce an effective system for controlling expenditure of time and money during construction. Good capital-cost control can cut down expenditures even when the definitive estimate is not veiy accurate. It is most important for management to receive early warnings if overruns in expenditure or time are likely to occur. 

Alarms should act as early warning devices to anticipate a potentially hazardous situation. Alarms that are essential to safety should be identified and classified separately from process alarms. Redundancy may be required. 

This on-going research aims at a) environmental monitoring and b) the development, after further research and collaboration with an instrument manufacturer, of a prototype portable flow toxicity meter as an early warning system for pollution. 

A proper assessment of the ability of chemicals, or mixtures of chemicals, to act as endocrine disrupters requires a multi-tiered approach which is able to identify mechanisms, give early warning of adverse effects and identify which of these effects is likely to be ecologically relevant. A strategy has been proposed by Depledge and Billinghurst " and is outlined below. 

Has the facility identified, evaluated and implemented controls to reduce risks associated with catastrophic chemical releases (for example, implemented any of the following measures minimization of on-site inventories, installation of early warning systems of chemical releases, proper containment or durable piping) involving toxic or volatile substances If yes, summarize the results. 

The eapabilities of the Laser Sentry are partieularly useful in FCC installations for the purpose of monitoring the performanee of eatalyst removal equipment. It ean deteet abnormal amounts of eatalyst in the gas stream and also provide an early warning to the plant operator. 

The use of dynamic pressure transducers gives early warning of problems in the compressor. The very high pressure in most of the advanced gas turbines cause these compressors to have a very narrow operating range between surge and choke. Thus, these units are very susceptible to dirt and... 

High maehine effieieney and availability ean be attained by maintaining the health of the equipment. Total performanee eondition monitoring ean play a major part here as it provides early warnings of potential failures and performanee deterioration. Figure 21-1 shows the eoneept of a total performanee eondition monitoring system. 

Emergency Flan Responses Sirens/warning, Emergency prtKedures, Personnel safety equipment. Sheltering, Escape and evacuation External Events Early detection. Early warning, Specially designed sfn- ctures Training... 

This requirement can impose unnecessary constraints if you take it literally. Many activities in quality plans and procedures are performed to give early warning of nonconformities. This is in order to avoid the losses that can be incurred if failure occurs in later tests and inspections. The earlier you confirm conformance the less costly any rework will be. 

These systems give early warning of impending trouble to allow personnel to take corrective action prior to a shut-in, and provide informa-... 

The explosion was due to a failure to heed warning signs. The high pressure in the reactor was an early warning, but the operator had another theory to explain it. He stuck to this theory until the evidence against it was overwhelming. This is known as a mind-set or tunnel vision. 

Install combustible gas detectors to provide early warning of a leak. 

After the fire, the pump (and others) was relocated in the open air, under a canopy, so that small leaks would be dispersed by natural ventilation. It was surrounded by a steam curtain to disperse larger leaks. This would not have been necessary if the pump could have been located more than 150 m from sources of ignition. Gas detectors were installed to give early warning of any leaks. Emergency isolation valves (Section 7.2.1) were provided so that the pumps could be isolated safely from a distance [9]. What happened when another leak occurred is described in Section 7.2.1 (d). 

Oil-related analysis encompasses a variety of physical and chemical tests such as viscosity, total acid number and particulate contamination. This is often extended to include the identification of wear debris, as an early warning of component failure, by either spectrographic... 

Stay bolts are also used in many FT boiler designs. Typically, these bolts are provided with a drilled weep hole that leaks if deterioration of the stay bolt occurs due to waterside corrosion, thus providing an early warning to the operator. 

Additionally, comparison of MU water usage and steam production with chemical treatment supplied, fuel consumption records, and flue gas analysis will provides early warning signs of deposit formation. Water analysis records can indicate problems of process contamination, BW carryover, and inadequate oxygen scavenging (and therefore the potential for corrosion). 

Figure 13. Response of early warning probe heat transfer coefficient to different events during a suspension polymerization batch (19)...

Establishing predictive models of water quahty and early warning systems. 

Another example is the Canadian government, which has purchased the same technology to run a pilot for an early warning and response system for biological agent threats. Initially limited to Winnipeg, the system s goal is to create a readiness network for front-line health care workers. 

Wildlife indicators can establish baseline conditions, act as early warning signals of environmental problems, identify the extent of contamination, define critical pathways and responses at multiple trophic levels, as well as integrate biological exposure with the physical and chemical environment (Farrington 1991). Indicator selection is based on a combination of criteria or characteristics that include (Jenkins 1981) ... 

Gutzke, 1999). The AOS of lower vertebrates seems to retain the ability to act as an early warning system in the avoidance of enemies and in the location of prey. This suggests that on land the basis for subsequent elaborations of social chemosignals could have been the simple proteins of immediate survival value. 

ACHES—for women taking hormonal contraceptives A = Abdominal pain. This may be an early warning sign of the presence of an abdominal thromboembolism, liver adenoma, or gallbladder disease. 

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