Early detection

Boyd D.P., Gould R.G., Quinu J.R, Sparks R., Stanly J.H., Herrmansfedt W.B. A proposed dynamic cardiac 3-D densitometer for early detection and evaluation of heart disease., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., V. NS-26, 1979, p.2724-2727. 

The immersion of glass electrodes in strongly dehydrating media should be avoided. If the electrode is used in solvents of low water activity, frequent conditioning in water is advisable, as dehydration of the gel layer of the surface causes a progressive alteration in the electrode potential with a consequent drift of the measured pH. Slow dissolution of the pH-sensitive membrane is unavoidable, and it eventually leads to mechanical failure. Standardization of the electrode with two buffer solutions is the best means of early detection of incipient electrode failure. 

Instrumentation (Arthur D. Little, Inc., and Levine, 1986.) Instrument systems are an essential part of the safe design and operation of systems for storing and handling highly toxic hazardous materials. They are key elements of systems to eliminate the threat of conditions that could result in loss of containment. They are also used for early detection of releases so that mitigating ac tion can be taken before these releases result in serious effects on people in the plant or in the public sector, or on the environment. 

Emergency Flan Responses Sirens/warning, Emergency prtKedures, Personnel safety equipment. Sheltering, Escape and evacuation External Events Early detection. Early warning, Specially designed sfn- ctures Training... 

The hazards of chemicals are commonly detected in the workplace first, because exposure levels there are higher than in the general environment. In addition, the exposed population is well known, which allows early detection of the association between deleterious health effects and the exposure. The toxic effects of some chemicals, such as mercury compounds and soot, have been known already for centuries. Already at the end of the eighteenth century, small boys who were employed to climb up the inside of chimneys to clean them suffered from a cancer of the scrotum due to exposure to soot. This was the first occupational cancer ever identified. In the viscose industry, exposure to carbon disulfide was already known to cause psychoses among exposed workers during the nineteenth century. As late as the 1970s, vinyl chloride was found to induce angiosarcoma of the liver, a tumor that was practically unknown in ocher instances. ... 

Combustible gas detection systems are frequently used in areas of poor ventilation. By the early detection of combustible gas releases before ignitible concentration levels occur, corrective procedures such as shutting down equipment, deactivating electrical circuits and activating ventilation fans can be implemented prior to fire or explosion. Combustible gas detectors are also used to substantiate adequate ventilation. Most combustible gas detection systems, although responsive to a wide range of combustible gases and vapors, are normally calibrated specifically to indicate concentrations of methane since most natural gas is comprised primarily of methane. 

Supports the Early Detection of Abnormal Process States Although some diagnostic information is available in the activated alarms, the workers still need to know the size of any deviations from the target states and require a concise picture of those critical parameters which are in alarm and those which are nearing it. This information is available on the overview display and facilitates the early detection of process deviations. 

There are certain warning signals while drilling which, if analyzed properly, can lead to early detection of formation fluid entry into the wellbore. 

An essential step in the program is production-line control for the early detection of deviations from the standard and the initiation of corrective actions. Objective methods are of value here, but this value may be considerably limited unless methods are sufficiently simple and rapid to give results that may be acted upon during production. For this reason they can generally be little more than qualitative or semiqualitative in character. This should not constitute a deterrent to their development and use, so long as... 

Maintain good foot and skin care and routine eye and dental examinations for the early detection of the complications that may occur. 

One of the most important elements in the remediation of existing waste sites is early detection and actiom As an example, the cost of cleanup at Stringfellow, California, increased from an estimated 3.4 million to 65 million because of pollutant dispersal during a decade of inaction after the first identification of the problem. The opportunities for innovative sampling strategies responsive to this need are discussed in the following section. 

Undeger U, Institoris L, Siroki O, et al. 2000. Simultaneous geno- and immunotoxicological investigations for early detection of organophosphate toxicity in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 45 43-48. 

Caekelbergh et al. calculated the direct costs of HIV/AIDS in Belgium from the health care pay perspective. On the basis of 150 patients, they determined the costs of antiretrovirals, outpatient and inpatient resource use for the year 2005. They realize that the costs strongly depend on the CD4- - T-cell count, that is, the annual costs per patient are on average about US 2,900 for a patient with a CD4+ T-cell count >500, US 3,200 (CD4 351-500), US 8,650 (CD4 210-350), US 16,600 (CD4 101-200), US 31,300 (CD4 51-100), and US 49,400 (CD4 0-50), respectively. Consequently, the early detection of an HIV-infection as well as proper management that prohibits disease transition is of high cost-importance. 

Figure 10 Real-time plot of reactor component concentrations in catalytic hydrogenation step illustrating early detection of baseline upset by on-line micro-HPLC.

Early detection and aggressive modification of risk factors is one of the primary strategies for delaying ischemic heart disease progression and preventing ischemic heart disease-related events including death. 

Early detection and treatment of CKD are fundamental factors in minimizing morbidity and mortality associated with CKD. 

Since early detection and intervention in schizophrenia is important for maximizing outcomes, treatment with antipsychotic medications should begin as soon as psychotic symptoms are recognized. Antipsychotic medications are the cornerstone of therapy for people with schizophrenia, and most patients are on lifelong therapy since non-adherence and discontinuation of antipsychotics are associated with high relapse rates. If other symptoms are present such as depression and anxiety, these symptoms should also be aggressively treated. Additionally, psychosocial treatments should be used concomitantly to improve patient outcomes. 

Early detection of ischemic stroke can be done with the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. In the Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) study, screening with this method followed by transfusion significantly reduced the incidence of stroke.29 Screening is recommended in all patients over 2 years of age. 

I direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody test. Given the fact that most women are asymptomatic, an annual screening or physical is necessary, as early detection may reduce rates of transmission. 

Nuclear medicine scans useful for early detection -Computed tomography (CT) scan useful for monitoring clinical improvement... 

Although the incidence of breast cancer has been increasing in the United States, the mortality rate has been decreasing over the past two decades. This trend reflects the success of early detection and the development of effective treatment regimens. Treatment for most breast cancer patients includes a combination of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapy. 

TABLE 86-2. Guidelines for Early Detection of Breast Cancer... 

Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006 56 11-25. 

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