Protective shelters

An individual located well away from ground zero may be tempted to flee the area a few minutes after the explosion (refer to Tables 5.1 and 5.2 for relative distances) because it could take several minutes to an hour or more for the fallout to arrive downwind. However, the last place to be when fallout arrives is trapped in the open or in a traffic jam. Everyone else may try to escape too, and that will create traffic congestion. Staying in a designated or even a makeshift shelter is better than being stranded in an open area where chances of survival are severely diminished. Regardless of location relative to ground zero, the best procedure is to stay in a protected shelter until authorities confirm it is safe to evacuate. 

Climate. If the plant is located in a cold climate, costs may be increased by the necessity for construction of protective shelters around the process equipment, and special cooling towers or air-conditioning equipment may be required if the prevailing temperatures are high. Excessive humidity or extremes of hot or cold weather can have a serious effect on the economic operation of a plant, and these factors should be examined when selecting a plant site. 

Chemical bonding as a means of solidihcation is very widely observed in nature. Formation of sedimentary rocks, such as carbonate rocks, is an excellent example. Carbonate rocks are formed by the reaction of calcium oxide with the carbon dioxide from the sea water [14]. Sea organisms also use this process and construct seashells. The organisms that flourish in calcium-saturated solutions of sea water change the alkalinity of the solutions slightly and precipitate calcium carbonate, which is used to form protective shelters such as shells and conches. 

Figure 3-9. Layout for a patient decontamination station and a dean treatment area without Collective Protection Shelter (CPS).

Enemy force information Training status NBC equipment availability Wearing overgarments In collective protection shelters, in positions with overhead cover, or exposed ... 

Figure 8.1 Schematic of static-pile composting, showing the compost pile, protective shelter, forced aeration system, and leachate collection pad.

The PCPS consists of the protective shelter, support kit, and hermetically sealed filter canister. The shelter consists of a tent and fly. The tent floor and fly are made of a saranaex composite material. An attached aluminum structure helps to support the tent. When overpressure is applied, the shelter will provide protection from liquid and vapor chemical agent penetration and biological agent penetration. An airlock allows decontamination of entering personnel. The PCPS provides an uncontaminated, positive pressure shelter for use as a command and control facility or a rest and relief facility for 14 people at a time in a contaminated environment. 

Placed in shipping and storage containers to protect odor-sensitive substances and to prevent odorous materials from creating a nuisance Building boards for protective shelters Kitchen hoods... 

Medical facilities treating chemical casualties must divide their operations into two categories contaminated (dirty) and uncontaminated (clean). Contaminated operations include triage, emergency treatment, and patient decontamination. Uncontaminated operations include treatment and final disposition. All activities conducted in the Casualty Decontamination Center (CDC) and not inside a collective protection shelter must be conducted at MOPP 4. Operational flexibility is essential. Therefore, the number and arrangement of functional areas will be adapted to both medical and tactical situations. 

With limited resources available, the major tasks of the BAS are to provide lifesaving care and to prepare the casualty for evacuation. By necessity these must be short, simple procedures. After receiving care in a low-echelon MTF, the casualty is evacuated in a clean vehicle to a higher echelon for further care. If clean vehicles are not available, the casualty may be placed in a patient protective wrap and evacuated in a dirty vehicle (see Figure 16-42 in Chapter 16, Chemical Defense Equipment). At higher echelons, the treatment area will be located in a collective protection shelter otherwise, this should be at least 100 m upwind from the receiving area. 

The XM31 Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS) consists of a lightweight, multipurpose, collective protection shelter mounted on a heavy high-mobility, multipurpose, wheeled vehicle... 

The Chemical and Biological Protected Shelter (CBPS) is a direct replacement for the M51 C/B shelter, which eliminates the excessive erection/striking time, the insufficient floor space, lack of natural ventilation, and the unavailability of prime movers, which were the problems with the M51. The CBPS can be set up or struck three times daily when operating as a Battalion Aid Station. Set-up times of the inflatable rib tent have been established at 15 to 20 minutes, and tear-down times at approximately 30 minutes. The CBPS consists of a power/ support system and inflatable tent. The primary power source is the engine of a HMMWV variant... 

Fig. 16-34. The litter-patient airlock of the Chemical and Biological Protected Shelter. Treating casualties on a chemical-biological warfare battleground requires complicated procedures, even to get the casualty into a protected environment for examination. Special air locks for casualties and new procedures had to be developed. Photograph Courtesy of Chemical and Biological Defense Command Historical Research and Response Team, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.

CBPS Chemical and Biological Protected Shelter C-CHF Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus CCST Chemical Casualty Site Team... 

CBPSS) Chemical Biological Protective Shelter System... 

Deployed troops confronted or threatened with dispersed chemical or biological agents need both personal protective gear and collective protective shelters that will mitigate agent effects to the extent feasible. Personal protective gear may include respiratory masks and controlled-pemieability suits, boots and gloves. Collective protection may be afforded by air-locked and sealed temporary battlefield shelters with filtered air supplies, as well as by more permanent... 

Words and phrases including process safety, vapor cloud explosions, HAZOPs, layers of protection, shelter-in-place, safety instramented systems, did not exist in nty early years. We initially looked at the technical reasons for failures. Other words and phrases like blast modeling, failure modes, gas dispersion were no doubt within specialist s language, but were not in the vocabulary of most of us at manufacturing sites. The approaches to process safety continued to evolve with more clarity and focus. 

Were protective shelters used DYes No If used, did they function properly Yes No... 

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