Realizations

Sometimes waste streams can be recycled directly, but between different processes. Waste streams from one process can become the feedstock for another. The scope for such waste exchanges is often not fully realized, since it often means waste being transferred between different companies. 

Batteries of fuel cells have been used in spacecraft but, in general, the potentially high efficiency of the fuel cell has not been realized industrially. 

To realize a process integrated quality control the conception shown in fig. 2 was followed. The casting process which is influenced by process parameters like thermal economy, alloy composition or black wash will be pursued with particulary to the problematic nature adjusted sensoring systems. On basic factors orientated sensoring systems like microfocus radioscopy, and tomography will be employed and correlated with sensoring systems which can be applicated under industrial conditions. 

Those, on industrial applications orientated systems, are acoustic emission and the temperature analysis of the casting. Realizing this conception (fig. 2) will enable to develop a process parameter control and consequently to stabilize the casting process. 

To analyse and evaluate the acoustic emission signals send out from the casting part and the child mold, which means to determine informative characteristic values a conception was realized which contains as well four partial steps (fig. 7, right). 

The calculation of characteristic values causes a high amount of values which contain redundant informations. Due to this the forth partial step will be to reduce this amount of values using extraction methods. This can be realized with statistical methods like cross correlation analysis. 

The authors thank the german research community (DFG) for the support of the presented investigations whieh were realized inside the Special Research Area 326, named, J rocess Integrated Quality Control with Quality Information System for Metallic Parts in Mechanical Engineering, and special thanks to the scientific bilateral project between Brazil and Germany supported by the CNPq, KFA and DLR to realize the presented investigations in advanced radioscopy and tomography. 

One approach to a mathematically well defined performance measure is to interpret the amplitude values of a processed signal as realizations of a stochastic variable x which can take a discrete number of values with probabilities P , n = 1,2,..., N. Briefly motivated in the introduction, then an interesting quality measure is the entropy H x) of the amplitude distribu-... 

An invariant pattern recognition method, based on the Hartley transform, and applied to radiographic images, containing different types of weld defects, is presented. Practical results show that this method is capable to describe weld flaws into a small feature vectors, allowing their recognition automatically by the inspection system we are realizing. 

The computational process of analysis is hidden from the user, and visually the analysis is conducted in terms of M-02-91 or R6 [6] assessment procedure On the basis of data of stress state and defect configuration the necessary assessment parameters (limit load, stress intensity factor variation along the crack-like defect edge) are determined. Special attention is devoted to realization of sensitivity analysis. Effect of variations in calculated stress distribution and defect configuration are estimated by built-in way. 

The benefits of flaw visualization tools applications are supported by strength maintenance software, based on computer modelling and realizing assessment procedure. 

Realization of the USCT method for restoring of SD of PMF of material in thick-sheet products with plane parallel surfaces under the unilateral access required special designs of US blocks, in which taken into account particularities of the NDTO, of the method and of the... 

The realized experiments have shown the large possibilities of analysis by the eddy currents method. They allow, besides the verification of the coating and the determination of its thickness, to give an overview on the percentage of the main chemical components of the controlled samples coating by a deepened processing. 

The excitation current was fixed for the realized probe at 1mA. The computed field resulting for this current value is lower than 100 Am, in order to be located in the linear zone of the hysterisis diagram (Rayleigh). Whatever the type of the chosen probe or the excitation frequency, the same zone is controlled. The surface of this zone is 100 mm (10x10). 

In order to verify the repetitiveness of the results, each test will be realized twice. 

The realized experiments and the obtained results showed that measures by eddy currents present a linear relation between the evolution of the cementation thickness character and the impedance variation. 

The eddy currents testing probe realization was satisfactory at the sight of the control and the testing results of coating samples. The fundamental parameters to keep in mind for a probe construction are ... 

A magnetic probe should be realized in a material of a high magnetic permeability and a low electric conductivity. 

We realized an Eddy current SQUID system of the high frequency type a room temperature Eddy current probe is connected to a SQUID sensor at hquid nitrogen temperature. Fig.3 gives an overview over the components of the system, fig, 5 shows a schematic diagram of the electronics. 

To realize an automatic evaluation system, it would be desirable to also suppress geometrically caused signals as well, so that only the actual defect signals are obtained. Several approaches have already been made which are also to be implemented as part of a SQUID research project (SQUID = Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device). 

It would be tlierefore thus easy to obtain in real time, on computer, tlie image of a long standard defect that is to even to produce the impedance variation observed. It would be thus possible to realize the control by absolute measures and to avoid the recourse to standard defects. 

So we choose to use silicium microcoil. For example, the LETT [2] can realize 2 layer coils with 21 turns per layer, 7 pm wide by 3 pm thick track,... 

To speed up the process of attainment of the temperature steady value one can use special operations calculation without a kiln rotation, using large time intervals and calculation in two-dimensional R-tp geometry without regard for heat and mass transfer along an axis The program for realization of discussed simulation algorithms enables to calculate temperature in cells, a total number of which can not exceed 130 thousands A circular kiln structure can contain up to three layers. 

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