Schematic diagram

The sample should be liquid or in solution. It is pumped and nebulized in an argon atmosphere, then sent through a plasma torch that is, in an environment where the material is strongly ionized resulting from the electromagnetic radiation produced by an induction coil. Refer to the schematic diagram in Figure 2.8. 

Schematic diagram of an argon plasma emission spectrometer.

A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Figure 3.2. The molecules are introduced under a partial vacuum of 10 torr into a buffer chamber that communicates via molecular slipstream with the source itself at 10 to 10 torr in order to ensure a constant concentration in the source at all times during the analysis. 

A schematic diagram describing the process steps required for a mixed well stream is shown in Figure 10.3. 

We realized an Eddy current SQUID system of the high frequency type a room temperature Eddy current probe is connected to a SQUID sensor at hquid nitrogen temperature. Fig.3 gives an overview over the components of the system, fig, 5 shows a schematic diagram of the electronics. 

Figure la Schematic diagram of the experimental device axial translation of length Xa... 

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of manufactured tube, showing the scaling rule and in (a) the area that was captured by the shearography process in the following figures.

Fig 4. Schematic diagram of transducer bonded to conducting substrate (not to scale). 

Fig. V-17. Schematic diagram for the apparatus for measurement of Vobs (see text). The vibrating reference electrode is positioned close to the surface of a AgN03 solution in which there is an Ag electrode, which, in turn, is in electrical contact with the reference electrode. (From Ref. 196.)...

Fig. XI-4. Schematic diagram of the structure of an adsorbed polymer chain. Segments are distributed into trains directly attached to the surface and loops and tails extending into solution.

Fig. XIII-4. Schematic diagram of a froth flotation cell. Note the mineralized bubble shown in the inset. [Reprinted with permission from P. Somasumdaran, Interfacial ChemisUy of Particulate Flotation. AIChE Symp. Sen, 71(150), 2 (1975) (Ref. 58). Reproduced by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.]...

Fig. XIII-11. Schematic diagram of a spherical micelle and a unilamellar vesicle. (From Ref. 118.)...

Figure Al.6.7. Schematic diagram illustrating the different possibilities of interference between a pair of wavepackets, as described in the text. The diagram illustrates the role of phase ((a) and (c)), as well as the role of time delay (b). These cases provide the interpretation for the experimental results shown in figure Al.6.8. Reprinted from [22],...

Figure Al.6.14. Schematic diagram showing the promotion of the initial wavepacket to the excited electronic state, followed by free evolution. Cross-correlation fiinctions with the excited vibrational states of the ground-state surface (shown in the inset) detennine the resonance Raman amplitude to those final states (adapted from [14].

Figure Al.6.15. Schematic diagram, showing the time-energy uncertainty principle operative in resonance Raman scattering. If the incident light is detuned from resonance by an amount Aco, the effective lifetime on the excited-state is i 1/Aco (adapted from [15]).

Figure Al.7.1. Schematic diagram illustrating terraces, steps, and defects, (a) Perfect flat terraces separated by a straight, monoatomic step, (b) A surface containing various defects.

Figure Al.7.6. Schematic diagrams of the DAS model of the Si(l 11)-(7 x 7) surface structure. There are 12 adatoms per unit cell in the outennost layer, which each have one dangling bond perpendicular to the surface. The second layer, called the rest layer, also has six rest atoms per unit cell, each with a perpendicular dangling bond. The comer holes at the edges of the nnit cells also contain one atom with a dangling bond.

Figure Al.7.9. Schematic diagram illustrating three types of adsorption sites.

Figure Al.7.11. Schematic diagram of a generic surface science experiment. Particles, such as photons, electrons, or ions, are mcident onto a solid surface, while the particles emitted from the surface are collected and measured by the detector.

Figure A3.5.7. Schematic diagram of a selected ion flow drift tube with supersonic expansion ion source.

Figure A3.5.8. Schematic diagram of the cell used in a Fourier transfomr mass spectrometer.

In essence, a guided-ion beam is a double mass spectrometer. Figure A3.5.9 shows a schematic diagram of a griided-ion beam apparatus [104]. Ions are created and extracted from an ion source. Many types of source have been used and the choice depends upon the application. Combining a flow tube such as that described in this chapter has proven to be versatile and it ensures the ions are thennalized [105]. After extraction, the ions are mass selected. Many types of mass spectrometer can be used a Wien ExB filter is shown. The ions are then injected into an octopole ion trap. The octopole consists of eight parallel rods arranged on a circle. An RF... 

Figure A3.8.1 A schematic diagram of the PMF along the reaction coordinate for an isomerizing solute in the gas phase (frill curve) and in solution (broken curve). Note the modification of the barrier height, the well positions, and the reaction free energy due to the interaction with the solvent.

Figure A3.10.23 Schematic diagram of molecular CO chemisorption on a metal surface. The model is based on a donor-acceptor scheme where the CO 5 a FIOMO donates charge to surface unoccupied states and the surface back-donates charge to the CO 2 71 LUMO [58].

Figure A3.12.10. Schematic diagram of the one-dimensional reaction coordinate and the energy levels perpendicular to it in the region of the transition state. As the molecule s energy is increased, the number of states perpendicular to the reaction coordinate increases, thereby increasing the rate of reaction. (Adapted from [4].)...

Figure Bl.2.8. Schematic diagram of a slit jet spectrometer for high resolution IR studies of weakly-bound species. From [26], used with pennission.

Figure Bl.2.12. Schematic diagram of apparatus for confocal Raman microscopy. From [3], used with penuission.

A schematic diagram of the surface of a liquid of non-chiral (a) and chiral molecules (b) is shown in figure Bl.5.8. Case (a) corresponds to oom-synnnetry (isotropic with a mirror plane) and case (b) to oo-symmetry (isotropic). For the crj/ -synnnetry, the SH signal for the polarization configurations of s-m/s-out and p-m/s-out vanish. From table Bl.5.1. we find, however, that for the co-synnnetry, an extra independent nonlinear susceptibility element, is present for SHG. Because of this extra element, the SH signal for... 

Figure Bl.7.1. Schematic diagram of an electron ionization ion source source block (1) filament (2) trap electrode (3) repeller electrode (4) acceleration region (5) focusing lens (6).

Figure Bl.7.3. Schematic diagram of a molecular beam generator nozzle (1) expansion region (2) skinmrer (3) and molecular beam (4).

A schematic diagram of a reverse geometry mass spectrometer is shown in figure Bl.7.4. 

Figure Bl.7.4. Schematic diagram of a reverse geometry (BE) magnetic sector mass spectrometer ion source (1) focusing lens (2) magnetic sector (3) field-free region (4) beam resolving slits (5) electrostatic sector (6) electron multiplier detector (7). Second field-free region components collision cells (8) and beam deflection electrodes (9).

A schematic diagram of a quadnipole mass filter is shown in figure Bl.7.8. In an ideal, three-dimensional, quadnipole field, the potential ( ) at any point (x,y, z) within the field is described by equation (Bl.7.5) ... 

Figure Bl.7.12. A schematic diagram of a typical selected-ion flow (SIFT) apparatus. (Smith D and Adams N G 1988 The selected ion flow tube (SIFT) studies of ion-neutral reactions Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics vol 24, ed D Bates and B Bederson p 4. Copyright Academic Press, Inc. Reproduced with pennission.)...

Another instrument used in physical chemistry research that employs quadnipole mass filters is the guided ion beam mass spectrometer [31]. A schematic diagram of an example of this type of instrument is shown in figure B 1.7.13. A... 

Figure Bl.7.13. A schematic diagram of an ion-guide mass spectrometer. (Ervin K M and Annentrout P B 1985 Translational energy dependence of Ar + XY —> ArX + Y from thennal to 30 eV c.m. J. Chem. Phys. 83 166-89. Copyright American Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with pemiission.)...

A schematic diagram of a simple TOP instrument is shown in figure B 1.7.17(a). Since the ion source region of any instrument has a finite size, the ions will spend a certain amount of time in the source while they are accelerating. If the... 

Figure Bl.7.17. (a) Schematic diagram of a single acceleration zone time-of-flight mass spectrometer, (b) Schematic diagram showing the time focusing of ions with different initial velocities (and hence initial kinetic energies) onto the detector by the use of a reflecting ion mirror, (c) Wiley-McLaren type two stage acceleration zone time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

Figure Bl.7.18. (a) Schematic diagram of the trapping cell in an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer excitation plates (E) detector plates (D) trapping plates (T). (b) The magnetron motion due to tire crossing of the magnetic and electric trapping fields is superimposed on the circular cyclotron motion aj taken up by the ions in the magnetic field. Excitation of the cyclotron frequency results in an image current being detected by the detector electrodes which can be Fourier transfonned into a secular frequency related to the m/z ratio of the trapped ion(s).

Figure Bl.9.8. Schematic diagram of the relationship between a particle distribution and the measured experimental scattering data. This figure is duplicated from [14],with pennission from Academic Press.

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