Distinct realizers

A kind of things is normally associated with a number of kinds of properties such that things of that kind must have some property of each of these kinds. A house must have some height, some width, some mass, and so forth. So, if a microphysical state of affairs realizes the existence of a thing of a certain kind, it must guarantee the instantiation of a number of properties. Will this have the consequence that the realizer of any one of a things property instances will at the same time be the realizer of all of its other property instances, or at least a sizable number of them, and that distinct property instances will not have distinct realizers ... 

Step-growth polymerizations can be schematically represented by one of the individual reaction steps VA + B V —> Vab V with the realization that the species so connected can be any molecules containing A and B groups. Chain-growth polymerization, by contrast, requires at least three distinctly different kinds of reactions to describe the mechanism. These three types of reactions will be discussed in the following sections in considerable detail. For now our purpose is to introduce some vocabulary rather than develop any of these beyond mere definitions. The principal steps in the chain growth mechanism are the following ... 

There are numerous early scientific works concerning the presence of shock waves and the influence of explosions, impacts, and shock waves on matter. The earliest work, however, did not lead to a delineation of the phenomenon as a distinct scientific enterprise. This distinction rests with a group of visionary scientists assembled at Los Alamos for the development of the atomic bomb during World War II. Having learned the methods and developed the technology to explosively load samples in a precise and reproducible manner, they realized that they had in their hands, for the first time, the ability to study matter in an entirely new range of pressure. After several precursor publications beginning in 1955, the existence of the new scientific field was reported to the world in the classic work by Melvin Rice, John Walsh, and... 

Most ISO 9000 registered organizations claim to provide quality products and services, so why should there be so many dissatisfied customers when there are over 270,000 organizations in the world certified to ISO 9001, 9002, or 9003 One of the principal requirements in the standard is for the supplier to establish a quality system as a means of ensuring that product or service meet specified requirements. If an organization s products or services do not meet specified requirements then clearly the system has failed, but the failure is no fault of the standard - it is a fault of the way the standard has been applied and interpreted both by the organizations themselves and by the auditors who determine conformity. If the specified requirements are less than those of the customers, it is inevitable that products will bring dissatisfaction. This realization has, in the case of the automotive industry, led to two distinct needs ... 

This review demonstrates that representatives of all four major classes of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines were isolated from natural sources. The profound differences in the electronic structures of these distinct classes can be realized by a closer look at the canonical formulae, the frontier orbital profile, the isoconjugate relationships, physico-organic properties, and the... 

Drug-induced and toxic myopathies are probably more common than is generally realized, but the distinctive feature of these conditions is that muscle damage is usually resolved rapidly once the causal agent is removed. The specific causes of damage vary considerably as does the presence of pain and discomfort. 

Clean and Polluted Air. In the development of atmospheric chemistry, there has been an historic separation between those studying processes in the natural or unpolluted atmosphere, and those more concerned with air pollution chemistry. As the field has matured, these distinctions have begun to disappear, and with this disappearance has come the realization that few regions of the troposphere are completely unaffected by anthropogenic emissions. An operational definition of clean air could be based upon either the NMHC concentration, or upon the NOjj concentration. 

The bottom-up approach contains two distinct stages. First, by successive backpropagation steps one builds a decision policy. Then, this uncovered policy is evaluated and refined, and its expected benefits confirmed before any implementation actually takes place. This two-stage process is conceptually similar to dynamic programming solution strategies, where first a decision policy is constructed by backward induction, and then one finds a realization of the process for the given policy, in order to check its expected performance (Bradley et al., 1977). 

Various phenallcylamines were shown to produce either DOM-like or AMPH-like stimulus effects the structure-activity requirements for these activities are different from the standpoints of aromatic substitution patterns, terminal amine substituents, and optical activity. Thus, it has been possible to formulate two distinct SARs. It should be realized, however, that phenalkylamines need not produce only one of these two types of effects certain phenallcylamines can produce pharmacological effects like neither DOM nor AMPH. Moreover, they can produce effects that are primarily peripheral, not central, in nature (Glennon 1987a). The fact that an agent produced DOM- or AMPH-like effects does not imply that it carmot produce an additional effect conversely, if an agent does not produce either DOM- or AMPH-like stimulus effects, it is not necessarily inactive. 

It is important to realize, that diseases such as myocardial infarction or type 2 diabetes represent a heterogeneous group of several distinct subphenotypes definable by clinical or biochemical characteristics. Thus, contradictory findings in pharmacogenomic studies may only not be the consequence of a lack of a major isolated gene effect (of the gene variant studied) and chance findings, but also be caused by the variability in the mix of distinct clinical phenotypes hidden beneath a common characterization such as type 2 diabetes and modulated by differences in the environment between studies. 

Intramolecular nucleophilic assistance is another distinct possibility for providing activation, and can be realized by coordination of the metal center by a heteroatom (O, N, etc.) within the ligand which transiently forms a chelate-like attachment to the metal. Such a mode of activation was supposed to account for the ease of reaction of vinyl triflates with (zp-isomers of alkenyl-stannanes bearing OH groups in the proximity of the reaction center (71).2 5... 

Some other situation is realized in a case of TEG-tin CMs. Electron microscopy studies of the obtained TEG-Sn powders revealed the uniform coverage of TEG surface by tin particles. Tin particles are of spherical shape and their sizes are about 40-80 nm, i.e. somewhat higher than in a case of silicon particles. Low scatter of particle sizes is observed as in a case of TEG-silicon system. However, as it is clearly seen from the data of the X-ray structure analysis (Figure 4) tin particles deposited on the surface of graphite support are in crystalline state. The distinct and narrow tin reflections at the X-ray diffraction pattern evidence this fact. 

In each of the aforementioned studies, qualitative IR spectroscopy was used. It is important to realize that IR is also quantitative in nature, and several quantitative IR assays for polymorphism have appeared in the literature. Sulfamethoxazole [35] exists in at least two polymorphic forms, which have been fully characterized. Distinctly different diffuse reflectance mid-IR spectra exist, permitting quantitation of one form within the other. When working with the diffuse reflectance IR technique, two critical factors must be kept in mind when developing a quantitative assay (1) the production of homogeneous calibration and validation samples, and (2) consistent particle size for all components, including subsequent samples for analysis. During the assay development for... 

Fig. 10. A SPR Detection realized in a BIAcore system. A fan of polarized light passes a prism and is focused at the interface to an aqueous phase under conditions of total reflection. An evanescent wave enters the solvent phase. If the prism is coated with a thin gold layer at the interface the free electrons in the metal absorb energy from the evanescent wave for a distinct angle, depending on the refractive index of the solvent near the interface. B The gold layer can be modified with, e.g., a carboxydextrane matrix, where catcher molecules can be immobilized by standard chemistry. If a ligand is applied with the aqueous phase it may interact with the catcher and accumulate in the matrix, causing a shift in the resonance angle. If no specific binding occurs the refractive index in proximity of the sensor is less affected...

In this chapter, we consider nonideal flow, as distinct from ideal flow (Chapter 13), of which BMF, PF, and LF are examples. By its nature, nonideal flow cannot be described exactly, but the statistical methods introduced in Chapter 13, particularly for residence time distribution (RTD), provide useful approximations both to characterize the flow and ultimately to help assess the performance of a reactor. We focus on the former here, and defer the latter to Chapter 20. However, even at this stage, it is important to realize that ignorance of the details of nonideal flow and inability to predict accurately its effect on reactor performance are major reasons for having to do physical scale-up (bench —> pilot plant - semi-works -> commercial scale) in the design of a new reactor. This is in contrast to most other types of process equipment. 

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