Product high value

Always miatuie of products. High value of products permit separation... 

To estimate the product of the two variables below, a short cut method is to multiply the low, medium and high values in a matrix (in which numbers have been selected). 

Note that the low value of the combination Is not the absolute minimum (which would be 4, and is still a possible outcome), just as the high value is not the maximum. The three values (which are calculated by taking the mean of the three lowest values In the matrix etc.) represent equally likely outcomes of the product A B, each with a probability of occurrence of 1/3. 

Yield of crude product, 14 g., the high value being due to traces of polynitro-derivatives. 

The three main sources of competitive advantage in the manufacture of high value protein products are first to market, high product quaUty, and low cost (3). The first company to market a new protein biopharmaceutical, and the first to gain patent protection, enjoys a substantial advantage. The second company to enter the market may find itself enjoying only one-tenth of the sales. In the absence of patent protection, product differentiation becomes very important. Differentiation reflects a product that is purer, more active, or has a greater lot-to-lot consistency. 

Eor high value food packaging appHcations, minimal migration of contaminants into food products is critical. Currently the PDA requirement is a maximum 0.5 parts per biUion (ppb) of noncarcinogenic compounds by dietary exposure (22). 

In 1991, the relatively old and small synthetic fuel production faciHties at Sasol One began a transformation to a higher value chemical production facihty (38). This move came as a result of declining economics for synthetic fuel production from synthesis gas at this location. The new faciHties installed in this conversion will expand production of high value Arge waxes and paraffins to 123,000 t/yr in 1993. Also, a new faciHty for production of 240,00 t/yr of ammonia will be added. The complex will continue to produce ethylene and process feedstock from other Sasol plants to produce alcohols and higher phenols. 

Dewatering of high value products and particle systems sensitive to high pressure drops are the most likely candidates for electrofiltration. The Dorr-OHver Electrofilter is a commercial example of a vacuum filter adapted for electrofiltration. 

Chemicals. Both organic and inorganic fluorine-containing compounds, most of which have highly speciali2ed and valuable properties, are produced from HF. Typically these fluorinated chemicals are relatively complex, sometimes difficult to manufacture, and of high value. These materials include products used as fabric and fiber treatments, herbicide and pharmaceutical intermediates, fluoroelastomers, and fluorinated inert Hquids. Other products include BF, SF, and fluoborates. 

A newer concept has been developed that is given the name mild gasification (33). It is not a gasification process in the tme sense of the word. The process temperature is some several hundred degrees lower, hence the term mild, than the usual gasification process temperature and the objective is not to produce a gaseous fuel but to produce a high value char (carbon) and Hquid products. Gas is produced, but to a lesser extent. 

Therapeutics. Therapeutic materials represent a class of polypeptides that are a low volume, high value product. The production system need not be very efficient but the quaHty of the recombinant protein has to be extremely pure (33,34). Thus high cost mammalian production systems can be tolerated. However, some of the therapeutic proteins such as insulin, human growth hormone, interleukins, interferon, and streptokinase are produced microbially. 

In pharmaceutical appHcations, the selectivity of sodium borohydride is ideally suited for conversion of high value iatermediates, such as steroids (qv), ia multistep syntheses. It is used ia the manufacture of a broad spectmm of products such as analgesics, antiarthritics, antibiotics (qv), prostaglandins (qv), and central nervous system suppressants. Typical examples of commercial aldehyde reductions are found ia the manufacture of vitamin A (29) (see Vitamins) and dihydrostreptomycia (30). An acyl azide is reduced ia the synthesis of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (31) and a carbon—carbon double bond is reduced ia an iatermediate ia the manufacture of the analgesic Talwia (32). 

Applications of Kraft Lignins. Because of the high fuel value of black Hquor, kraft lignin products are generaUy used in high value... 

As the nonwoven fabrics industry has matured and technology has become pubHcly available, emphasis in the various sectors of the industry has changed. In the 1990s, some portions of the nonwovens industry are technology driven, whereas others are market driven. A number of firms are proprietary technology based, and others are turn-key plant operations. Some corporations are commodity roU-goods producers, and others are more oriented to niche market, high value-added products. Many nonwoven produces continue the quest for new markets and more opportunities to compete with textiles, paper, and plastics. 

The uses of spunbonded fabrics as coverstock in diapers and other personal absorbent devices will most likely remain unchallenged for the near term. Virtually any other nonwoven production method appears to be at a cost disadvantage opposite spunbonded polypropylene. There have been composite products developed from meltblown and spunbonded combinations, where areas of either improved hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity are desired. These products can be produced on-line at relatively low additional cost and offer high value to diaper manufacturers. Any competitive threat is likely to come from advances in film technology such as large improvements in perforated film used in segments of absorbent product appHcations, particularly sanitary napkins. 

Orange Flower. Extraction of freshly picked flowers of the bitter orange tree, dims aurantium (subspecies amard) for the production of concrete is carried out mainly ia Morocco and Tunisia. Most of this material is processed further to give orange flower absolute, one of the most important absolutes used ia perfumes after rose and jasmine. It is highly valued ia perfumery, even when used at low levels, for its long-lasting, rich, warm, yet dehcate and fresh floralcy. The material is a complex mixture, to which methyl anthranilate [134-20-3] linalool (3), methyl jasmonate (15), and iadole (16) are important odor contributors. 

Worldwide primary aluminum capacity. Table 14 (35), continues to grow but mosdy in countdes where there is low cost electric power. Primary capacity in the United States, Table 15, has been reduced from 5,019 thousand metric tons in 1982 to 3,902 thousand metric tons in 1988. The United States and other developed countries are expected to concentrate mote on converting taw aluminum into high value added products. 

Electrodialysis. Electro dialytic membrane process technology is used extensively in Japan to produce granulated—evaporated salt. Filtered seawater is concentrated by membrane electro dialysis and evaporated in multiple-effect evaporators. Seawater can be concentrated to a product brine concentration of 200 g/L at a power consumption of 150 kWh/1 of NaCl (8). Improvements in membrane technology have reduced the power consumption and energy costs so that a high value-added product such as table salt can be produced economically by electro dialysis. However, industrial-grade salt produced in this manner caimot compete economically with the large quantities of low cost solar salt imported into Japan from Austraha and Mexico. 

The desugarization by-product is normally sold as a low value molasses. Pulse method systems also produce a relatively high value betaine-rich (at least 50% on soHds) fraction. The concentrated betaine-rich by-product is used as a custom animal feed, whose European markets are well estabUshed and may provide a future opportunity in the U.S. feed industry. Beet sugar molasses contains from 3 to 6% betaine, by weight, about three-quarters of which may be recoverable as a potential by-product ( 40 50% purity). 

Process Economics. Relative economics of various ceU culture processes depend heavily on the performance of the ceU line in a system and on the cost of raw materials, particularly the medium. Models are usuaUy developed for the various processes using productivity data obtained from smaU-scale experiments (see Pilot AND MiCROPLANTs). Often, for high value products, the process which ensures the shortest time to market may be the process of choice because of other economic criteria. This is especially tme for pharmaceuticals (qv). RehabUity concerns also often outweigh economic considerations in choosing a process for a high value product. 

The fermentation industry is based almost exclusively on renewable materials in the form of molasses, starch, etc. Most products are of very high value and relatively low volume such as antibiotics (qv) (23). 

High product costs limit distribution to high value crop markets. This includes commercial ornamental production such as nurseries and greenhouses, citms production, and strawberry production. Limited amounts are sold to the consumer lawn and garden market. 

The production of many high value chemicals requires maximizing separation from a relatively dilute solution. It is common in such instances to use a combination of methods to reduce solute solubiHty in the feed solution. Figure 5, for example, illustrates that the addition of methanol to a saturated aqueous solution of L-serine can reduce solubiHty by more than an order of magnitude. 

---