Fuel values

The purge usually only has value in terms of its fuel value. Alternatively, if the purge must be disposed of by effluent treatment. 

The problem with this approach is that if the steam generated in the boilers is at a very high pressure and/or the ratio of power to fuel costs is high, then the value of low-pressure steam can be extremely low or even negative. This is not sensible and discourages efficient use of low-pressure steam, since it leads to low-pressure steam with a value considerably less than its fuel value. 

Helium is separated from helium-bearing natural gases usually, but not always, in the process of removing nitrogen to improve the fuel value of the... 

AH other organic waste-process and vent streams are burned in a dare, in an incinerator, or in a furnace where fuel value is recovered. Wastewater streams are handled in the plant biological treatment area. 

When exposed to fire. Teflon PEA contributes Httle in fuel value and is self-extinguishing when the flame is removed. The fuel value is approximately 5.4 MJ/kg (2324 Btu/lb). It passes the UL 83 vertical-flame test and is classified as 94VE-0 according to UL 94. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) by ASTM D2863 is above 95%. 

Applications of Kraft Lignins. Because of the high fuel value of black Hquor, kraft lignin products are generaUy used in high value... 

Flash smelting is efficient because the fuel value of the sulfur and iron in the charge is fully used, and the productivity (8—12 t/d of charge processed per square meter of hearth) is higher than that of the reverberatory or electric furnace. 

Iron, mg Sodium, mg Potassium, mg Magnesium, mg Vitamin A, lU Thiamine, mg Riboflavin, mg Niacin, mg Ascorbic acid, mg Fuel value. Ml"... 

Includes forming, baking, and fuel value of anodes. 

Are there waste streams with unutilized fuel value that can be burned in the boilers ... 

Cement Kilns. The use of scrap tires as a supplemental fuel in cement kilns has had a fairly long history in Germany and Japan, where tires have been used for fuel since the early 1970s. Initially, the scrap tires were purchased by kilns for thek fuel value. As the relative cost of other fuels has... 

A cane factory generates its own requirements for energy, from burning bagasse to produce electricity one tonne of mill mn bagasse (50% moisture) is equivalent in fuel value, at 3,700 kj /kg (884 kcal/kg), to one barrel (159 L) of fuel oil. An efficient raw sugar or plantation white factory will use 70—80%... 

Distillation By-Products. Of the CTO distiHation by-products, ie, pitch, heads, and DistiHed TaH Oil (DTO), only the last, a unique mixture of rosin and fatty acids, has significant commercial value. Pitch and heads are used as fuel the former has a fuel value of 41,800 kj/kg. TaH oil heads have outstanding solvent properties, but also have a bad odor, which is hard to remove. They contain a relatively high fraction of palmitic acid which can be recovered by crystallization. 

The main by-products of this synthesis type are sulfides and the isomer resulting from the Markownikoff addition to the alkene. For example, in the synthesis of 1-butanethiol (eq. 4), 5-thianonane, C H SC H, and 2-butanethiol are produced as by-products. The 2-butanethiol has uses as a herbicide intermediate and a gas odorant blend component and is further processed. The 5-thianonane is incinerated or reprocessed for fuel value. Sulfides account for up to 10% of the thiols produced. Another 2—5% is the Markownikoff addition product. 

The main by-pioducts of this type of reaction are sulfides. By exercising careful control of stoichiometry, these can be rninimized quite readily. By-products are disposed of by incineration or by reprocessing for fuel value. 

Wood is one of our most important renewable biomass resources. Unlike most biomass sources, wood is available year round and is more stable on storage than other agricultural residues. In the United States, wood residues from iadustrial by-products totaled 60.8 x 10 metric tons ia 1993 (73). Increasiagly, residues are iacorporated iato manufactured wood products and are used as a fuel, replacing petroleum, especially at wood-iadustry plants (73) some is converted to charcoal but most is used ia the pulp and paper iadustry. Residues are also available for manufacturiag chemicals, generally at a cost equivalent to their fuel value (see Fuels frombiomass Fuels fromwaste). 

The Weaton-Najarian zinc condenser was commercialized in 1936. The condenser and cooling well of the electrothermic furnace hold 48 t of molten zinc. Hot zinc-laden gases bubble through the zinc in the condenser and cause rapid circulation through the cooling well which is kept at 480—500°C by water coils. The off-gases are scmbbed and burned for fuel value. Scmbber water is ponded to recover blue powder. 

A process to convert butenes to acetic acid has been developed by Farbenfabriken Bayer AG (137) and could be of particular interest to Europe and Japan where butylenes have only fuel value. In this process a butane—butylene stream from which butadiene and isobutylene have been removed reacts with acetic acid in the presence of acid ion-exchange resin at 100—120°C and 1500—2000 kPa (about 15—20 atm) (see Acetic acid and its derivatives, acetic acid). Both butenes react to yield j -butyl acetate which is then oxidized at about 200°C and 6 MPa (about 60 atm) without catalyst to yield acetic acid. 

Air pollution from this process is a minimal problem because all waste gases are burned for fuel value or flared. The products of combustion of the... 

For paper, this value represents the fuel value of the biomass. 

The fuel value of most solid wastes is usually sufficient to enable self-supporting combustion, leaving only the incombustible residue and redlicing the volume of waste eventually consigned to sanitaiy landfills to only 10 to 15 percent of the original volume. The heat released by the combustion of waste can be recovered and utilized, although the cost of the recoveiy equipment or the distance to a suitable point of use for the heat may make its recoveiy economically infeasible. 

Analyses and fuel values vary with the tyj)e of coal and operating conditions,... 

Examples. Find the fuel values equivalent to 5.00/ MM BTU natural gas. Connect 5.00/MM BTU on the natural gas line with the left-hand focal point. Read the following values along the connecting line, for example ... 

Proximate analysis - a relatively low-cost analysis in which moisture content, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon, and ash are determined. The fuel value of the sludge is calculated as the weighted average of the fuel values of its individual components. 

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