Bitter orange oil

Orange Oil, Bitter, Coldpressed, occurs as a pale yellow or yellow-brown liquid with the characteristic aromatic odor of the Seville orange and an aromatic, somewhat bitter taste. It is the volatile oil obtained by expression, without the use of heat, from the fresh peel of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L. (Fam. Rutaceae). It is miscible with absolute alcohol and with an equal volume of glacial acetic acid. It is soluble in fixed... 

Synonyms Bitter orange oil Bitter orange peel oil Citrus amara Citrus aurantium Citrus aurantium amara... 

Neroli bigarde oil Orange, bitter, oil Orange oil, bitter Orange peel, bitter, oil... 

Expressed sweet orange oil, bitter orange oil, and neroli oil are generally reported to be nonirritating and nonsensitizing to hu-mans. However, limonene present in citrus oils has been known to cause contact dermatitis in humans (lewis and elvin-lewb). 

Table 26. Comparison of Components of Spanish and Italian Bitter Orange Oils ...

Mondello et al. (54) have developed some applications of on-line HPLC-HRGC and HPLC-HRGC/MS in the analysis of citrus essential oils. In particular, they used LC-GC to determine the enantiomeric ratios of monoterpene alcohols in lemon, mandarin, bitter orange and sweet orange oils. LC-GC/MS was used to study the composition of the most common citrus peel, citrus leaf (petitgrain) and flower (neroli) oils. The oils were separated into two fractions, i.e. mono- and sesquiterpene... 

Grapefruit oil is obtained by cold pressing of the outer peels of the fruits of Citrus paradisi Macfad. (Rutaceae). It is a greenish-yellow liquid, with an odor resembling that of sweet orange oil, but more herbaceous and bitter. 

Bitter orange oil is obtained by pressing fresh peel from the fruits of Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium (Rutaceae). It is produced mainly in Mediterranean countries and is a pale yellow to yellowish-brown liquid with a slightly mandarinlike odor and a somewhat bitter aroma. 

The composition of bitter orange oil differs from that of sweet orange oil i.e., its aldehyde content is lower and its ester content is higher [369-370a, 370d, 370e, 394, 423-428]. 

Worldwide production of bitter orange oil is much lower than that of other pressed peel oils. Bitter orange oil is predominantly used for flavoring alcoholic beverages (liquers). FCT 1974 (12) 735 [68916-04-1], [72968-50-4]. 

Synonyms Orange Peel Oil, Bitter (Citrus aurantium L. subsp amara L.)... 

Human Studies The material was tested for phototoxic potential in human volunteers (Kaidbey and Kligman, 1980). Five piL/cm2 of 100°/o bitter orange oil was applied to 2cm2 under occlusive tape. One cm circular sites were exposed to visible light or 20J/cm2 UVA. 

Animal studies The NOEL was based on studies conducted with pooled samples of bitter orange oil in one miniature swine and hairless mice, which showed NOEL of 6.25%. 

The RIFM Expert Panel reviewed the critical effect data for orange peel oil, bitter, and recommended that the skin contact level should change to 1.25%, incorporating a 5 fold uncertainty factor. 

Restrictions for furocoumarin containing essential oils have been recommended for Angelica root oil, Bergamot oil expressed, Bitter orange oil expressed, Cumin oil, Grapefruit oil expressed, Lemon oil cold pressed, Lime oil expressed, Rue oil. 

Evers et al. revealed that (-)-3-carene can be used for the identification of sweet orange oil because this enantiomer has only been found in traces in bitter orange oil and is not present in lemon and mandarin oil [34]. 

Bitter orange oil possesses an extremely strong fresh note. Its character is less sweet than that of orange oil its flavour character is floral, aldehydic with a bitter, dry, earthy expression. The oil displays a fresh, aqueous and green aroma note, which allows the association with bergamot. Its fixative effect constitutes an additional positive feature of this pleasing oil. 

While methoxyflavones constitute the non-volatile part of Citrus sinensis oils, bitter orange oil possesses a completely different pattern of coumarins and flavones. Characteristic for this range of bitter orange oil are meranzin, isomeranzin, bergapten, epoxybergamottin, tangeretin, os-thol, nobiletin and heptamethoxyflavone [38, 89]. 

Brazil [48] Sweet Orange Oil USA Spain [48] [48] Italy [87] Israel [91] Blood Orange Oil Italy [92] Spain [93] Bitter Orange Oil Brazil [48] Italy [94]... 

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