Imports into the

Fine chemicals are produced by a wide spectmm of manufacturers, largely because the distinction between different kinds of chemicals is not sharp. There are specialty producers of fine chemicals. Many companies that manufacture dmgs also manufacture the chemical substances that are used in preparing the dosage forms. A number of companies manufacture dmg chemicals and food chemicals. Some fine chemicals are made by manufacturers of heavy chemicals, and either may be simply a segment of their regular production, or some of that production which has been subjected to additional purification steps. Many fine chemicals are imported into the United States from countries such as Japan, Germany, and the Netherlands. 

Mustard is marketed in three forms, ie, as a seed as a prepared blend of ground mustard seed, vinegar, salt, sugar, and other spices and as powdered dry mustard, also known as ground mustard or mustard flour. The seeds of the white or yellow mustard add pungency to any preparation, and that of the black mustard is required for aroma. Mustard is the largest volume spice imported into the United States and its use covers almost every flavor category except dessert items. 

Formamide is a registered substance, eg, in TSCA (75-12-7), EINECS (200-842-0), and MITI (2-681), and can, therefore, be produced in and imported into the United States, EEC, and Japan in compliance with the abovementioned acts. 

Production of Hydrocarbons from Turpentine. In 1993, U.S. production of cmde turpentine was over 128 million liters at an average price of 0.21 /kg and includes cmde sulfate turpentine and turpentine from thermomechanical processes (5). In the same year, over 5.9 million Hters of gum, wood, or sulfate turpentine was imported into the United States, with the majority coming from Canada exports from the United States amounted to 6.16 million liters. 

Montan Wax. Montan wax [8002-53-7] is derived by solvent extraction of lignite (qv). The earliest production on a commercial scale was in Germany during the latter half of the nineteenth century, and Germany continues to supply the majority of the world s production of montan wax. Montan wax production at Amsdorf is part of a massive coal-mining operation from a continuous vein and raw material is expected to last for decades. Montan wax is also produced in the United States. Imports of montan wax into the United States for the years 1990—1995 are Hsted in Table 1. Germany suppHes over 80% of the montan wax imported into the United States (3). 

Petroleum Waxes. Waxes derived from petroleum are hydrocarbons of three types paraffin [64742-43-4] (clay-treated) sernimicrocrystaUine or intermediate and microcrystalHne [64742-42-3] (clay-treated). SernimicrocrystaUine waxes are not generally marketed as such (7). Others include acid-treated, chemically neutrali2ed, and hydrotreated and paraffin and hydrocarbon waxes, untreated. The quaHty and quantity of the wax separated from the cmde oil depends on the source of the cmde oil and the degree of refining to which it has been subjected prior to wax separation. Petroleum waxes are produced in massive quantities throughout the world. Subject to the wax content in the cmde, paraffin and, to a substantially lesser degree, microcrystalHne wax are produced in almost all countries of the world that refine cmde oil. Production capacity in the United States and imports for the years 1990 to 1995 are Hsted in Table 2. Canada suppHes over 50% of the petroleum wax imported into the United States (3). 

Imports and Exports. The availabihty of economical foreign sources of antimony, mainly from China, the RepubHc of South Africa, Mexico, Bohvia, and Russia, has resulted in an increase in the quantity of antimony imported for consumption. Since 1986, over 50% of the antimony imported by the United States originated in China (25). The majority of the antimony imported into the United States is now in the form of antimony oxide. Exports of antimony, as antimony oxide, increased during the 1980s. 

Table 9 shows benzene imports from various foreign countries for 1983—1988 (64,75). Since 1971 the United States has been a net importer of benzene, and the quantities imported have been steadily increasing. Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom accounted for almost 70% of all benzene imported into the United States in 1988. 

In 1988, 14,230 kg (71,147,000 carats) of natural grit and stones at a total value of 130,300,000 were imported into the United States. The average per carat value of the grit and stones was 0.82 and 9.31, respectively (38). However, about 90% of industrial diamond is now synthesized. 

Table 1. Main Varieties of Cocoa Beans Imported into the United States...

Marketing. Most of the cocoa beans and products imported into the United States are done so by New York and London trade houses. The New York Sugar, Coffee, and Cocoa Exchange provides a mechanism by which both chocolate manufacturers and trade houses can hedge their cocoa bean transactions. Additional information on the functions of the New York Cocoa Exchange is available (3). 

Import is defined as causing the chemical to be imported into the customs territory of the United States. If you order a covered toxic chemical (or a mixture containing the chemical) from a foreign supplier, then you have imported the chemical when that shipment arrives at your facility directly from a source outside of the United States. By ordering the chemical, you have caused it to be imported," even though you may have used an import brokerage firm as an agent to obtain the chemical. 

The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 was enacted by Congress to test, regulate, and screen all chemicals produced or imported into the U.S. Many thousands of chemicals and their compounds are developed each year with unknown toxic or dangerous characteristics. To prevent tragic consequences, TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches the consumer market be tested for possible toxic effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any chemical that poses health and... 

The data will likely come in as ASCII which must be imported into the database manager. 

Following the war, there was a steady increase in imports into the United States relative to total supply. During this period, the U.S. share of world oil production declined from 60 percent to 40 percent (1959). Crude oil imports as a percentage of total crude oil going to refineries increased from about 5 percent to 12 percent and the U.S. industry for the first time shifted its position from a net exporter to a net importer of mineral oils. At the same time, U.S. companies were establishing a strong presence abroad. Indeed, much of the oil produced abroad and imported into the United States at that time was owned by American-based companies. 

There are various protocols of administering eukaryotic expression vectors aiming to deliver (i.e. transfect) the DNA into the cytoplasm of the host cells (see Figure 2). The DNA is subsequently imported into the nucleus of the transfected cells allowing expression of the... 

Cleavage occur s at the scissile bond. Residues in the substrate towards the N-terminus are numbered PI, P2, P3, etc, whereas residues towards the C-terminus are numbered PI, P2, P3 etc. Cleavage occurs between PI and P1. For a peptidase with limited specificity, only the residue in PI or PI is important for specificity. A peptidase with an extended substrate binding site will have a preference for residues in other positions. For example cathepsin L prefers substrates with phenylalanine in P2 and arginine in PI. However, this is a preference only, and cathepsin L cleaves substrates after other amino acids. Caspase-3 has a preference for Asp in both P4 and PI, but it is unusual for substrate specificity to extend much further from the scissile bond. The peptidase with the most extended substrate specificity may be mitochondrial intermediate peptidase that removes an octopeptide targeting signal from the N-terminus of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins that are destined for import into the mitochondrial lumen. 

Manning-Krieg, U.C., Scherer, P.E., Schatz, G. (1991), Sequential action of mitochondrial chaperon-ins in protein import into the matrix. EMBO J. 10,3273-3280. 

In 1971, 3 million kg of methyl parathion were imported into the United States (U.S. Tariff Commission 1972). There was a decline in imports in the mid-1970s with levels of 499,000 kg in 1972 and only 40,000 kg in 1975 (HSDB 1999). By 1980, this downward trend had reversed, and imports of methyl parathion were up to 413,000 kg (USITC 1981). 

The discovery of silk in China occurred many centuries BC, and by the time of the Roman empire, silk fabric was a prized trade commodity. The caravan routes across Asia became known as the Silk Roads. It is estimated that nearly 90% of the imports into the Roman Empire consisted of silk goods. 

Although carotenogenesis in plants takes place in plastids, all of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes are nuclear encoded and their polypeptide products are imported into the plastids. Therefore, they contain a N-terminal transit peptide sequence. For example, the size of the transit peptide of PSY from ripe tomato fruit is approximately 9 kDa, corresponding to about 80 amino acid residues (Misawa et al, 1994). 

A different concept is the idea of manufacturing at point of use rather than transporting materials. A simple and familiar example is the office water cooler. The majority that you see around use large bottles of water. These need to be transported and stored and the empty bottles recycled. More than 600 kT of bottled water were imported into the UK in 1999, creating a significant transport impact. The alternative is to chill and filter mains water on-site. The water needs to be filtered and purified to meet consumer perceptions and expectations. These systems use a mixture of purification techniques including advanced filters, UV-disinfection and silver-treated surfaces to give users the confidence they require. 

Health, Environmental, Quarantine and Other Regulations Many countries have strict regulations designed to protect the ecosystem and agrochemical business. For example any matrix material derived from pork, beef, sheep or horse tissue has to be accompanied with a Veterinary Certificate confirming that the matrix material is free of certain specified diseases before it can be imported into the EU. The Australian import restrictions are even tougher and require the importer to obtain prior permission to import plant and animal materials and products derived from biological materials. To get an import license it is necessary to complete an application, which includes information from the producer about the actual production process used to prepare the matrix ... 

The list below indicates the countries and amounts of bananas imported into the USA (thousands of pounds, 1991-95 average) ... 

In the U.S. the per capita consumption of coffee has declined by one-third since 1960. Parallel with this has been a change in the proportion of Robusta coffees imported into the U.S. In 1950 only 6% of the imported coffees were Robustas whereas by 1975, 35% were Robustas. In the 1950s, Robustas were mainly used for instant coffee now they also constitute a significant part of the roast and ground coffee blends. These Robustas are used to the highest extent in vending machines, restaurants, decaffeinated blends, and instant coffees. 

The last, but by no means the least, important of the military characteristics is availability under wartime conditions. Materials are classified as strategic, critical, and non-critical in this respect A strategic material is one that must be imported into the United States a critical material is one that is available in the United States but, because of either limited plant facilities or excessive demands, becomes nonavailable a noncritical material is one that is readily available in. sufficient amounts under wartime conditions. An insecticide to be of value to the military forces must be readily available under wartime conditions, must not be dependent upon the importation of certain essential materials, and must not impose a burden upon plant facilities in the United States. 

Results may confirm the need for novel policy interventions to more fairly divide the risk reduction burden between US farmers and those growing crops for export to the USA. Recent trends in methamidophos residues in a variety of Mexican produce imported into the USA are particularly worrying, especially in contrast to the solid progress made by US growers in reducing the frequency and mean levels of methamidophos residues in the same foods. 

---