Feedstock process

There are many interacting parameters and possible feedstock—process—product combinations, but all are not feasible from a practical standpoint eg, the separation of small amounts of metals present in biomass and the direct combustion of high moisture content algae are technically possible, but energetically unfavorable. 

The amount of CO2 that must be removed from the gas stream is higher than for a natural gas feedstock. Process and utility requirements per 30,000 m (1.06 X 10 ft3) of 97% H2 gas are Hsted in Table 7. 

Table 6. Energy Required for Ammonia Production based on Feedstock Process, GJ/t...

The authors provide selection criteria, by which the suitability of a process for a distributed production can be assessed [139]. These are explicitly given for the categories of feedstock, processes, customer products, and waste products. This is completed by a list of suitable device types for distributed production such as plate heat exchangers, pressure and temperature swing units, electrostatic dispersers, and membrane units. The various operations often rely on the use of electricity and therefore are said to be particularly suited for operation at the mini scale. 

Model cycling of the first column in the purification stream (this usually is subjected to the harshest cleaning conditions and sees the dirtiest feedstocks), process monitoring of production columns (yield and purity of product, HETP measurements, pressure-vs.-flow tests)... 

The refinery will evolve to meet the market (and so, the environmental) needs. Some characteristics are easy to foresee versatility, integration from resources to final user ( well-to-wheels), intensive incorporation of computing tools (integrated and predictive modeling at all levels feedstock-process-product), large dynamic incorporation of new catalysts, chemistry driven , fast incorporation of emerging knowledge and last, but most important, environmental preservation and safe operation. 

Among the classes of feedstock processed in the hydrocracker the most highly aromatics feed are light cycle oils produced in the FCC unit Once formed by cyclization and the hydrogen transfer mechanism discussed above, they accumulate in the product due to the absence of a metal function in the FCC catalyst and adequate hydrogen in the process environment. They are typically sold as low-value fuel oil, or hydrotreated to reduce sulfur content and improve their quality as diesel blend stocks. Another approach to upgrade their value even further... 

For the heavier feedstocks, process selection has tended to favor the hydroprocesses that maximize distillate yield and minimize coke formation. However, thermal and catalytic processes must not be ignored because of the tendency for coke production. Such processes may be attractive for processing unconverted residua from hydroprocesses. 

When employing higher alkanes as a feedstock, process economics are often determined more by selectivity than by conversion per single pass. Most of these reactions are therefore conducted in the liquid phase, which enables easier control of reaction rates and also of side and consecutive reactions by adjustment of the temperature. However, activating alkane C-H bonds always requires reactions... 

Description Fresh feedstock and recycle streams are preheated and pyrolized in the presence of dilution steam in highly selective pyro-crack type furnaces (1). Pyrocrack furnaces are optimized with respect to residence time, temperature and pressure profiles for each feedstock, thus achieving the highest olefin yields. Furnace effluent is cooled in transfer line exchangers (TLEs) (2), generating HP steam, and by direct quenching with oil for liquid feedstock processing. 

Company Product Feedstock Process description Number of licenses Date of last license... 

Feedstock (process) Natural gas (steam reforming) Vacuum residue (partial oxidation) Coal (partial oxidation)... 

The naphtha produced by the feedstock process is treated in a steam cracker, and the monomers (e.g. ethylene, propylene, butadiene) are recovered. These raw materials are then used for the production of virgin plastic materials. High-boiUng oils can be processed into synthesis gas or conversion coke and then be transferred for further use. All these products have outlets in the local BASF production plants. 

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