Developments in other countries

According to an older German study, the time-to-market of new chemical products, besides optimizing the internal research and development as outlined above, could profit from faster administrative approval by the public authorities [138]. For example, the phase of getting the concession has a share of about 20% of the overall time for process development, amounting on average to 7.5 years in Germany. Process development in other countries is faster, e.g. 5.0 and 5.7 years in Japan and the USA, respectively. 

Comparable quality of test data forms the basis for the mutual acceptance of data among countries. If individual countries can confidently rely on test data developed in other countries, duplicative testing can be avoided, thereby saving time and resources. The application of these principles should help to avoid the creation of technical barriers to trade, and further improve the protection of human health and the environment. GLP principles are explicitly presented below. 

This Section discusses the historical development and current approaches to classification and disposal of radioactive waste. Classification and requirements for disposal of different radioactive wastes in the United States are emphasized, particularly the relationship between waste classification and requirements for disposal much of this discussion is adapted from a previous paper (Kocher, 1990). Proposals for alternative radioactive waste classification systems are reviewed. Classification systems developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the relationship between waste classification and disposal requirements in IAEA recommendations are discussed in some detail. Waste classification systems developed in other countries are briefly mentioned. 

Not discussed in this Section are radioactive waste classification systems developed in other countries, particularly in Europe. Waste classification systems in European countries are discussed, for example, in a report of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC, 1990), and waste classification systems in a number of countries have been reviewed by Numark et al. (1995). The waste classification systems developed in other countries often have been based, at least in part, on the source-based classification system in the United States or the various IAEA recommendations discussed in this Section they generally do not include any new concepts of waste classification. 

Figure 6 shows our plan. According to the HTTR project, HTTR is being operated to accumulate the HTGR operation experience and to prepare the safety and maintenance database. Operational and test results obtained with the HTTR can contribute to the R D programme of HTGR development in other countries USA, France and others. 

In the United States, most of the wireless technology and communications development has taken place in private industry. To a smaller extent, government, especially the military and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and universities have contributed to wireless technology and communications development. In other countries, especially Europe, there has been support for wireless technology and communications development in industry, universities, and the government. 

The principal seeds are peanuts (10,400,000 tons), cottonseed (13,-200,000 tons), and soybeans (18,900,000 tons). In the United States, the cottonseed and soybeans are sources of edible vegetable oil for production of cooking oils, shortenings, and oleomargarine. The oil-free residue of the vegetable oil industry is used as a livestock feed, and a small quantity of soybean meal is used in the manufacture of adhesives. Peanuts are used primarily as foods in the United States. Traditionally in areas of major production, except the United States, the oilseeds have been used as livestock feeds and exported to Europe. However, in recent years vegetable oil industries, similar to those in the United States and Europe, have been developed in other countries, particularly in India and South America. 

HI-6 is considered to be a very promising bispyridin-ium oxime in medical treatment after exposure to most nerve agents. For these reasons, HI-6 is involved in the equipment of the Czech, Slovak, Swedish, and Canadian Armies as an antidote against nerve agent intoxication (Bajgar, 2010 Masson, 2011) and is under development in other countries (Lundy et al., 2011 Masson, 2011 Jokanovid, 2012). A disadvantage of HI-6 compared with... 

The Table distinguishes between projects developed by US-based companies in the US (i.e. trials conducted in the US), and projects developed by European-based companies in Europe (trials in Europe). The reason why we restricted to projects developed by the companies in their own regions is the one mentioned earlier that companies may develop in other countries only the compounds with higher expected value. However, we also tried several other cases (viz. trials by any company in the US or in Europe, as well as the full sample). The picture that emerges is basically the one offered by the present Table. For example, we found that the European-based companies normally develop their compounds in Europe, and similarly for the US companies. Since our data focus on the projects that were first developed somewhere, this suggests that, as expected, the companies from either regions first develop their compounds in their own region. This also implied that we only added few observations when we looked at the projects by European or US companies in the US, as compared to the US trials by the US firms only, and similarly for the European case. 

Similar activities as in Europe could be developed in other countries like Canada, USA, Australia, etc. Australia has already taken initiatives in this direction. Other possibilities are the exchange of students between programs in different countries. To a certain extend this is being done with the EMC and EMEC, but additional opportunities are needed. 

Nevertheless, it is important to point out that the laboratories where the different validation methods are carried out should be certified in the execution of the good laboratory practice (GLP). These principles of GLP are a group of rules, procedures and estabUshed practices and are developed by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). This normative has been assumed by the EU in the directives 87/18/CEE and 99/11/CE ""The purpose of these principles of good laboratory practice (GLP) is to promote the development of quality test data. Comparable quality of test data forms the basis for the mutual acceptance of data among countries. If individual countries can confidently rely on test data developed in other countries, duplicative testing can be avoided, thereby saving time and resources. The application of these principles should help to avoid the creation of technical barriers to trade, and further improve the protection of human health and the environment . 

The final step in the development of the modem match was the invention of the safety-type cardboard match ascribed to Joshua Pusey (1892), now called the book match. It dominates the American match industry and is gaining in popularity in other countries although it was rather slow in gaining acceptance because it was somewhat mote difficult to ignite than the wood-splint match. 

Unlike the common practice occurring in other countries, in which award of patent rights is based on the date on which a patent apphcation is filed, in the United States the patent grant is based on the first date of invention. To be an inventor in the United States, an individual must contribute to conception of the invention, and may contribute to reduction of the invention to practice. Although the creation of an advance, development, or apphcation may be conceived by one given individual, it often is the case that the act of invention is the work of many individuals, especially in a commercial context. Accordingly, inventorship questions often arise. 

White Chocolate. There is at present no standard of identity in the United States for white chocolate. Virtually all current uses of the term white chocolate do not meet the standards for chocolate, which prescribes the presence of ground cacao nibs. This restrictive requirement has acted as a practical deterrent to companies developing and marketing white chocolate-type products in the United States. When such products have been introduced and marketed in the United States, companies have had to label them with fanciful names to avoid the standardized labeling issues. In other countries where a standard of identity for white chocolate exists and where a minimum amount of cocoa butter is required by law, consumers have available to them a variety of easily recognizable products. 

Table 9-63 uses the data of Fig. 9-44 to compare the relative fixed-capital costs for plant constnic tion in other countries with those for the United States. The relative cost ratios were developed from data similar to those in Table 9-62. Labor ratios were corrected for the different local rates and hours per working week, job duration, and degree of mechanization available in other countries. Some of these factors are difficult to estimate, and the final total ratios give a reasonable order-of-magnitiide value for relative construction costs for equivalent plants in the countries indicated.

As with the development of PSM systems in the United States, your PSM design in other countries should recognize and build upon related management systems that are already in place. You will want to be sure that these are identified and understood. 

There are economic and social reasons to hold that prices need not be identical between countries (they are not for other goods), and therefore the tendency to use observed prices in other countries to regulate domestic prices is open to question.32 Moreover, the fact that they are identical at the time of introduction onto the market does not prevent them from developing differently over time, which undermines the effectiveness of the mechanism. 

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