Economic criteria

1) Separation problem independent costs (fixed costs) These can be considered as fixed costs and they are specific for each company. They can be divided into  

2) Separation problem dependent costs (variable costs) These costs are directly 

The total annual separation cost, Qotai. can then be determined by adding up the fixed costs as well as the variable costs  

However, to be able to compare the total annual separation costs for different production scales, the production-specific cost (cost per product amount) should be used instead  

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To evaluate design options and carry out preliminary process optimization, simple economic criteria are required. What happens to the revenue from product sales after the process has been commissioned The sales revenue first pays for fixed costs which are independent of the rate of production. Variable costs, which do depend on the rate of production, also must be met. After this, taxes are deducted to leave the net profit. 

Two simple economic criteria are useful in preliminary process design ... 

The plateau production rates for cases A and B differ significantly from that in case C, which has a lower but longer plateau. The advantage of profile C is that it requires smaller facilities and probably less wells to produce the same UR. This advantage in reduced costs must be considered using economic criteria against the delayed production of oil (which is bad for the cashflow). One additional advantage of profile C is that the... 

In the feasibility phase the project is tested as a concept. Is it technically feasible and is it economically viable There may be a number of ways to perform a particular task (such as develop an oil field) and these have to be judged against economic criteria, availability of resources, and risk. At this stage estimates of cost and income (production) profiles will carry a considerable uncertainty range, but are used to filter out unrealistic options. Several options may remain under consideration at the end of a feasibility study. 

Process Economics. Relative economics of various ceU culture processes depend heavily on the performance of the ceU line in a system and on the cost of raw materials, particularly the medium. Models are usuaUy developed for the various processes using productivity data obtained from smaU-scale experiments (see Pilot AND MiCROPLANTs). Often, for high value products, the process which ensures the shortest time to market may be the process of choice because of other economic criteria. This is especially tme for pharmaceuticals (qv). RehabUity concerns also often outweigh economic considerations in choosing a process for a high value product. 

Many considerations enter the choice of material for a bearing. It must have bulk properties which meet the need to support loads and transmit heat fluxes. It must be processable that is, capable of being shaped, finished and joined. It must meet certain economic criteria limits on cost, availability and suchlike. If it can do all these things it must further have - or be given - necessary surface properties to minimise wear, and, when necessary, resist corrosion. 

For small projects, and for simple choices between alternative processing schemes and equipment, the decisions can usually be made by comparing the capital and operating costs. More sophisticated evaluation techniques and economic criteria are needed when decisions have to be made between large, complex projects, particularly when the projects differ widely in scope, time scale and type of product. Some of the more commonly used techniques of economic evaluation and the criteria used to judge economic performance are outlined in this section. For a full discussion of the subject one of the many specialist texts that have been published should be consulted Brennan (1998), Chauvel et al. (2003) and Vale-Riestra (1983). The booklet published by the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Allen (1991), is particularly recommended to students. 

Many processes that are basic to the extraction of natural resources are facilitated by addition of polymers. To be useful, the polymers must meet an interrelated list of chemical and physical properties as well as economic criteria. The chemical and physical properties demanded of the polymers are ... 

Those criteria should comprise both technique and socio-economic criteria, and they should answer several questions such as where, how much quantity, and which conditions. /Ml of these criteria and questions will contribute to solve and select the most suitable emplacement... 

The fossil hydrogen production option dominates during the first two decades while the infrastructure is being developed, and also in later periods if only economic criteria are applied initially on the basis of natural gas, later with increasing gas prices more and more on the basis of coal (where available). Carbon capture and storage will be critical for these pathways, if hydrogen is to contribute to an overall C02 reduction in the transport sector. The production mix between gas and coal is highly sensitive to the ratio of feedstock prices a switch occurs at a gas coal price ratio of about 2.5. 

The analysis of the potential and the economic performance of hydrogen supply routes from neighbouring countries to Europe performed in this study are mainly based on techno-economic criteria. In practice, there are many factors that might adversely influence the emergence of hydrogen corridors, among others, competition with alternatives in a free market economy. In contrast to these factors, a barrier is... 

In preparative chromatography, selectivity and efficiency no longer have the same importance they do in analytical chromatography. A certain selectivity is required in preparative chromatography as everywhere else in order to achieve the separation, but other parameters are at least as important if not more so. These include the loading capacity of the stationary phase and the maximum speed (throughput) of the process. The three main economic criteria for a large scale separation process are... 

Direction of innovation t6al To what extent did certainty of direction exist or the market actors in assessing possible solutions (assessment of possible and predominant solutions in accordance with environment- and health-related as well as economic criteria) What information and evaluation methods were available and for which actors What was the relation between the available knowledge and the remaining uncertainty ... 

Scarcity means that resource allocation decisions cannot be avoided. If this is accepted, then it is clear that the basis on which these decisions are made should be explicit. Although economists do not claim to have the only - or even necessarily the best - answer for all choices that need to be made, at least economic criteria are explicit and hence open for criticism and debate. 

Chemical process systems are subject to uncertainties due to many random events such as raw material variations, demand fluctuations, equipment failures, and so on. In this chapter we will utilize stochastic programming (SP) methods to deal with these uncertainties that are typically employed in computational finance applications. These methods have been very useful in screening alternatives on the basis of the expected value of economic criteria as well as the economic and operational risks involved. Several approaches have been reported in the literature addressing the problem of production planning under uncertainty. Extensive reviews surveying various issues in this area can be found in Applequist et al. (1997), Shah (1998), Cheng, Subrahmanian, and Westerberg (2005) and Mendez et al. (2006). 

At this point, experiments must be performed. Experimental results for the erosive wear of the selected candidate ceramic materials in coal slurries are presented in Table 8.4. Notice that the wear rate has a very rough inverse correlation with which is consistent with some of the descriptions of erosive wear from the previous section. Any of these ceramic materials is suitable for the piping and pump components based solely on wear rate, with the lowest wear rate for SiC being the most attractive. Formability and economic criteria can be applied to assist in the final material selection. 

Check of industrial sectors (based on the existing supplier structures) using a set of specific selection criteria (e.g., rate of chemicals consumption within sectors, economical criteria, opportunity of a sector for growing etc.) — short list of industrial sectors. 

Assessment of a company s waste minimization needs includes examining the content of and volume of hazardous waste streams it generates, and the processes or operations that generate them. The object of this step is to prioritize the needs of the company, based on environmental risk, liability, and economic criteria. 

In addition to meeting industrial and economic criteria, the precursors must be highly volatile. They are designed (new compounds) or selected (previously reported compounds) following chemically inspired guidelines. A metal-to-heteroatom bonded fragment (M-C or M-N) should be at the core of the molecule. Various substituents can be attached to the M-N or M-C core and are chosen on the basis of the decomposition mechanism that may occur at temperatures ranging from 370 to 870 K. For example,... 

If the desire is to develop a biosensor for industrial use, then a set of specifications for sensor performance, which includes economic criteria, should be obtained from the end-user before any work begins. Statements such as this surface/binding phenomenon/electrode reaction could be turned into a biosensor for food safety monitoring when the work has been done in the absence of specifications set by those responsible for carrying out tests of food safety are highly likely to remain... 

At one global fine chemical producer, strict gate-keeping, i.e., separation of project execution from task definition, followed by the application of clear technical and economic criteria, led to a significant reduction of maintenance activities. In the end it proved possible to reduce capital expenditure for maintenance-related... 

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