Value, product

Not many fine chemicals have a production value exceeding 10 million per year. Less than a do2en achieve production volumes above 10,000 metric tons per year and sales of > 100 million per year. Apart from the pharmaceutical and pesticide fine chemicals these comprise the amino acids (qv), L-lysine and n,T-methionine used as feed additives (see Feeds AND FEED ADDITIVES), and vitamins ascorbic acid and nicotinic acid. 

Table 5 presents typical operating conditions and cell production values for commercial-scale yeast-based SCP processes including (63) Saccharomjces cerevisae ie, primary yeast from molasses Candida utilis ie, Torula yeast, from papermiU. wastes, glucose, or sucrose and Klujveromjces marxianus var fragilis ie, fragihs yeast, from cheese whey or cheese whey permeate. AH of these products have been cleared for food use in the United States by the Food and Dmg Administration (77). 

As of 1995, the forest industry in the United States employed about 1.6 million people and produced products valued at over 200 biUion each year, approximately 20 biUion of which was in exports. There were 350 pulp mills, 600 paper and board mills, and ca 4500 converting plants in the United States producing ca 30% of the total world production. The United States and Western Europe, which represent ca 13% of the world population, consumed about 60% of production. 

Volume and product value for sulfonated product sectors between 1982 and 1991 increased substantially for most product groups. Pesticides (qv), however, experienced a volume decline, although the value increased 50%. Dyes had a nominal volume growth of only 6.7%. 

Production value is from 1993, consisting of Russia, 1175 Ukraine, 918 and Kagakhstan, 96. ... 

The United States dominated world vanadium production for ah uses until the late 1960s when several countries, notably the former USSR, expanded production significantly. At about the same time, the United States shifted from being a net exporter to a net importer this situation continues. In 1978, the United States supphed 15% of the total world production but consumed 23%. World production values and anticipated capacities are shown in Table 5 (21) U.S. production and demand, as weh as forecasts, are shown in Table 6 (21). 

The aimual production value of small, sealed nickel—cadmium cells is over 1.2 biUion. However, environmental considerations relating to cadmium are necessitating changes in the fabrication techniques, as well as recovery of failed cells. Battery system designers are switching to nickel —metal hydride (MH) cells for some appHcations, typically in "AA"-si2e cells, to increase capacity in the same volume and avoid the use of cadmium. 

Potential Use. Processes using butylenes as feedstocks have been developed for a group of industrial chemicals that are not currendy produced by these processes or are produced only on a relatively small scale. Such chemicals are isoprene [78-79-5] maleic anhydride [108-31-6] acetic acid [64-19-7] and until recendy, methyl methacrylate and methyl tert-huty ether. These processes are of interest because they may emerge as important processes with suitable improvements, changes in product values, or development of new markets. 

Product Quantity, f X 10 Reference Ptice, /t Product value, X 10 ... 

Fluorine and persulfates were also produced electrochemicaHy. All product values ate based on prices quoted in Ref. 2. 

Zfv. = sum of product flow rates times respective product values (income)... 

A food processing establishment in a facility processes crops grown at the facility in a separate establishment. The facility could base the value of the products of each establishment on the total production value of each establishment. Alternatively, the facility could determine the value of the crops grown at the agricultural establishment. Then, to calculate the contribution of the food processing establishment, the facility would subtract the crop value from the total value of the product shipped from the processing establishment. 

Fluid bed boilers have also been applied as a cure to sulfur dioxide air pollution from power plants. Various schemes have been developed in which combustion of a sulfur containing fuel takes place in a fluidized bed of particles which absorb or react with sulfur dioxide. The particles are usually regenerated to recover sulfur, which often has enough by-product value to make a significant contribution to process economics. 

The introduction of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) fluids in the early 1930s marked the incepuon of the halofluorocarbon industry. Both in terms of tonnage produced and product value, the CFCs have dominated the organofluorocarbon industry and have provided the feedstocks for the development of other fluorocarbon products such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 

Dust concentration determines need for dry centrifugal plant location, product value determines need for final collectors. High temperatures are usual and corrosive gases not unusual. 

SAQ 8.7 The product value at 100% capadty will now be (total cost of production + 7 to 15% ROD, ie 16.04 to 1654 + 1.12 to 2.48. So the minimum product value will be 17.16 per kg of L-phenylalanine and the maximum product value 19.02 per kg of L-phenylalanine. It is rattier difficult to say whether this fictitious process would survive or could compete. Actual data are absolutely necessary. On the other hand this exercise gives us a better understanding of process economics and can also be used to compare a fermentative process for the production of amino adds with, for example, a chemo-enzymatic process. Calculate the return on investment over a 15 year period for an amino add fermentation, based on the following data and assumptions. Production capadty = 500 tonnes per annum Selling price of product = 50 kg Cost price of product = 24.5 kg 1 Capital = 40 million Taxes = 50%. Assumptions Cost of dealer discount, distribution and freight = 20% total sales Startup costs = 10% of capital Working capital = 25% of net sales Administration plus R and D costs = 12.5% of net sales. 

Fermentation broths are complex, aqueous mixtures of cells, comprising soluble extracellular, intracellular products and any unconverted substrate or unconvertible components. Recovery and extraction of product is important in bioprocess engineering. In particular separation is a useful technique it depends on product, its solubility, size of the process, and product value. Purification of high-value pharmaceutical products using chromatography such as hormones, antibody and enzymes is expensive and difficult to scale up.1 Tire necessary steps to follow a specific process depend on the nature of the product and the characteristics of the fermentation broth. There are a few steps for product recovery the following processes are discussed, which are considered as an alternative for product recovery from fermentation broth. 

Product Product value ( /ton) Catalyst cost ( /ton product) Reference... 

Thus, the spread of catalyst cost is fairly even over the whole industry and about a third of the known metals are used in one way or another. Table III shows how catalyst costs vary in relation to product value. 

In an inert atmosphere, the decomposition at 573—623 K of uranyl(VI) oxalate [1101] obeys the Prout—Tompkins equation [eqn. (9)] with E = 261 4 kJ mole-1. The residual product is U02 and, under low pressure accumulatory conditions, the final CO2/CO ratio is 9. In air, the reaction proceeds in two stages. The initial process obeys the Prout—Tompkins equation and is identified as a surface reaction. Thereafter, decomposition fits the Avrami—Erofe ev equation [eqn. (6), n = 2], involving isolated disc-like grains of reactant, to yield amorphous U03 as the final product. Values of E for both stages of reaction are close to that found for reaction in the inert atmosphere ( 260 kJ mole-1) and comparable with theoretical predictions [88],... 

Over 20% of the world s open ocean surface waters are replete in light and major nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), yet chlorophyll and productivity values remain low. These so-called "high-nitrate low-chlorophyll" or HNLC regimes (Chisholm and Morel, 1991) include the sub-arctic North Pacific (Martin and Fitzwater, 1988 Martin et al, 1989 Miller et al, 1991), the equatorial Pacific (Murray et al, 1994 Fitzwater et al, 1996) and the southern Ocean (Martin et al.,... 

Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY (2003) Virtual water flows between nations in relation to trade in livestock and livestock products. Value of water research report series No. 13, IHE, Delft, the Netherlands... 

The products that depend on chemical engineering emerge from a diverse array of industries that play a key role in our economy (Table 2.1). These industries produce most of the materials from which consumer products are made, as well as the basic commodities on which our way of life is built. In 1986, they shipped products valued at nearly 585 billion. They had a payroll of 3.3 milhon employees, or... 

The cost of treatment to process one tonne is difficult to define since it depends on many factors such as scale, location, scope, preparation stages, and economic parameters used. As a rough example, for a 25,000 tpa plant in Western Europe (1998 prices), BP estimated the investment to be 15 to 20 million. This would imply a gate fee of around 172 per tonne (some 250). For a 50,000 tpa plant the gate fee could be 100 per tonne (some 150).These figures are net, i.e., include product values but exclude collection and preparation. 

In terms of total product value, the worldwide shipments of the chemical and alhed products industries were almost 1600 billion dollars in 1999. In the U.S. alone, the value was 435 billion dollars (source Chemical Engineering News, June 26, 2000). The U.S. has the largest chemical economy by far of any country in the world, followed by Japan and Germany as distant second and third. 

The discussions on product value and scale have aheady highhghted that there are different wins to be obtained from switching B2C. These depend on whether the product is commodity or proprietary in nature and the relative value of improved yields or reduced operating costs. 

Calculations of economic profitability can only be predictive in the phase of process development, before a plant is on stream for a long time. Therefore, individual components of costs and market evaluations will bear some uncertainty. This uncertainty is relatively high for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The impact of these uncertainties on the profitability of a process may be quantified by a sensitivity analysis. This analysis provides information about the sensitivity of the process economics to changes in parameters relevant for the profitability (investment costs, price and consumption of raw materials, utility unit costs, product value and demand, etc.), and therefore on the reliability of the result of the economic evaluation. In the early stages of process development, a high sensitivity indicates the areas requiring attention for continued R D work. 

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