Alcohol to produce

Dissolve or suspend 0 - 5 g. of the acid in 5 ml. of water in a small conical flask, add a drop or two of phenolphthalein indicator, and then 4-5 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution until the acid is just neutrahsed. Add a few drops of very dilute hydrochloric acid so that the final solution is faintly acid (litmus).f Introduce 0-5 g. of p-bromophenacyl bromide (m.p. 109°) dissolved in 5 ml. of rectified (or methylated) spirit, and heat the mixture under reflux for 1 hour if the mixture is not homogeneous at the boiling point or a solid separates out, add just sufficient alcohol to produce homogeneity. [Di- and tri-basic acids require proportionately larger amounts of the reagent and longer refluxing periods.] Allow the solution to cool, filter the separated crystals at the pump, wash with a little alcohol and then with water. Recrystallise from dilute alcohol dissolve the solid in hot alcohol, add hot water until a turbidity just results, clear the latter with a few drops of alcohol, and allow to cool. Acetone may sometimes be employed for recrystallisation. 

Step 1 Proton transfer from the acid catalyst (sulfuric acid) to the oxygen of the alcohol to produce an alkyloxonmm ion... 

Unsaturated Polyesters. Unsaturated polyesters are produced by reaction between two types of dibasic acids, one of which is unsaturated, and an alcohol to produce an ester. Double bonds in the body of the unsaturated dibasic acid are obtained by using maleic anhydride or fumaric acid. 

The mechanism of the alkylation reaction is similar to curing. The methylo1 group becomes protonated and dissociates to form a carbonium ion intermediate which may react with alcohol to produce an alkoxymethyl group or with water to revert to the starting material. The amount of water in the reaction mixture should be kept to a minimum since the relative amounts of alcohol and water determine the final equiHbrium. 

Equilibrium Constants. The reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol to produce an ester and water is expressed ia equation 4 ... 

Esters of low volatility are accesible via several types of esterification. In the case of esters of butyl and amyl alcohols, water is removed as a binary azeotropic mixture with the alcohol. To produce esters of the lower alcohols (methyl, ethyl, propyl), it may be necessary to add a hydrocarbon such as benzene or toluene to increase the amount of distilled water. With high boiling alcohols, ie, benzyl, furfuryl, and P-phenylethyl, an accessory azeotroping Hquid is useful to eliminate the water by distillation. 

Nickel carbonyl Carbonylation of acetylene and alcohols to produce acrylic and methacrylic acids Acute respiratory failure carcinogenic... 

In the procedure given here, the reaction is applied to a cyclic alcohol to produce a bridged ether. The product is of interest in that it can be cleaved to produce disubstituted cyclooctanes of known geometry (cf. Chapter 6, Section V). 

These comprise a large group because almost any acid can be reacted with almost any alcohol to produce an ester which might be suitable as a coating resin. The distinction between an alkyd and a polyester is that the former contains monobasic acids usually derived from vegetable oils such as linseed, soyabean or coconut while the latter do not. 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. Organophosphate esters are made by condensing an alcohol (aryl or alkyl) with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of a metal catalyst (Muir 1984) to produce trialkyl, tri(alkyl/aryl), or triaryl phosphates. For the aryl phosphates, phenol or mixtures of alkylated phenols (e.g., isobutylated phenol, a mixture of several /-butylphenols) are used as the starting alcohols to produce potentially very complex mixtures of organophosphate esters. Some phosphate esters (e.g., tricresyl and trixylyl phosphates) are made from phenolic mixtures such as cresylic acid, which is a complex mixture of many phenolic compounds. The composition of these phenols varies with the source of the cresylic acid, as does the resultant phosphate ester. The phosphate esters manufactured from alkylated phenylated phenols are expected to have less batch-to-batch variations than the cresylic acid derived phosphate esters. The differences in physical properties between different manufacturers of the same phosphate ester are expected to be larger than batch-to-batch variations within one manufacturer. 

Very reactive nitrogen mustards and aziridine-containing molecules are usually too toxic for general therapeutic use, but find use in neoplastic disease. Benzodepa (182) is such an agent. Treatment of ethyl carbamate with phosphorous pentachloride leads to cyanate 180 which readily adds benzyl alcohol to produce carbamate 181. Displacement of the active... 

Acids react with alcohols to produce esters ... 

Normally, only a small stoichiometric excess (2-30 mol%) of silane is necessary to obtain good preparative yields of hydrocarbon products. However, because the capture of carbocation intermediates by silanes is a bimolecular occurrence, in cases where the intermediate may rearrange or undergo other unwanted side reactions such as cationic polymerization, it is sometimes necessary to use a large excess of silane in order to force the reduction to be competitive with alternative reaction pathways. An extreme case that illustrates this is the need for eight equivalents of triethylsilane in the reduction of benzyl alcohol to produce only a 40% yield of toluene the mass of the remainder of the starting alcohol is found to be consumed in the formation of oligomers by bimolecular Friedel-Crafts-type side reactions that compete with the capture of the carbocations by the silane.129... 

Many reactions are catalyzed by aluminum oxide, A1203, which is also known as alumina. In the solid, there are sites on the surface where a strongly acidic aluminum ion is available to bond to an electron pair donor. One such reaction involves the dehydration of alcohols to produce alkenes. This process can be represented as follows ... 

The components, by-products of the reaction or solvents used to facilitate mixing the components may have their own toxic properties and could present additional hazards. They may also change the rate that the binary nerve agent volatilizes or penetrates the skin. Residual components may react with common materials, such as alcohols, to produce other nerve agents. For data on binary components, see the Component Section (C01-C) following information on the individual agents. 

The crude product is dissolved in the minimum amount of hot water (30-40 c.c.) and sufficient alcohol to produce a turbidity (about 100 c.c.) is added to the hot solution. 

Procedure Weigh accurately about 20 mg of stilbosterol in sufficient ethyl alcohol to produce 100 ml and dilute 10 ml of this solution to 100 ml with ethyl alcohol. To 25 ml of the resulting solution add 25 ml of dispotassium hydrogen phosphate solution, transfer a portion of the mixture to a 1-cm closed quartz cell, place the cell 10 cm from a 15 watt short-wave UV-lamp, and subject it to irradiation for 10 minutes. Now, measure the extinction of the irradiated solution at the maximum at about 418 nm as described earlier. 

Many other reactions designed to trap intermediate vinylketene complexes are known. Dotz has used alkynes with a pendant alcohol to produce the butyrolactones E-31 and Z-31 in a 70 30 ratio and 34% yield.16 These are formed by the nucleophilic attack of the pendant alcohol on the ketene... 

The rate at which alcohol disappears from the blood was found to vary through nearly a 2-fold range when only six individuals were tested. 10 Presumably a larger and more diverse sample population would yield a much larger range. The tendency of alcohol to produce pylorospasm and vomiting is so strong in certain individuals that they are protected from drunkenness by this means because small amounts of alcohol are sufficient to elicit the symptoms. 

Exchanging the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid with a different group produces a carboxylic acid derivative. In the following investigation, you will react two carboxylic acids with primary alcohols to produce different organic compounds. 

As you learned earlier, a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester. Water is the second product of this reaction. A strong acid, such as H2SO4, is used to catalyze (speed up) the reaction. The reverse reaction can also occur. (See Reactions of Esters and Amides, below.)... 

This enzyme [EC 2.S.2.2], also referred to as hydroxyste-roid sulfotransferase, catalyzes the reaction of 3 -phos-phoadenylylsulfate with an alcohol to produce adenosine 3, 5 -bisphosphate and an alkyl sulfate. The alcohols that can act as substrates include ahphatic alcohols, ascorbate, chloramphenicol, ephedrine, hydroxysteroids, and other primary and secondary alcohols. However, phenolic steroids will not serve as substrates (such alcohols can be acted upon by steroid sulfotransferases). 

This enzyme [EC 2.5.1.26], also known as alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase, catalyzes the reaction of 1-acylglyc-erone 3-phosphate with a long-chain alcohol to produce 1-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate and a long-chain acid anion. In this reaction, the ester-hnked fatty acid of the substrate is removed and replaced with a long-chain alcohol in an ether hnkage. 

The Guerbet reaction is an important industrial process for increasing the carbon numbers of alcohols. Thus, a primary or secondary alcohol reacts with itself or another alcohol to produce a higher alcohol (Scheme 23). Alkaline earth metal oxides have been used as catalysts for the condensation of alcohols. Ueda et al. (158,159) reported the condensation of methanol with other primary or secondary alcohols having a methyl or methylene group at the )S-position they used MgO, CaO, and ZnO as catalysts. The reactions were performed with gas-phase reactants at 635 K only MgO was found to be both active and selective (>80%). 

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