Future opportunities

There remains a need to further reduce the amount of sample (mRNA) into the nanogram range. This is achievable through signal amplification based upon improvements to the Eberwine method (Van Gelder et al., 1990), but this is a time-consuming process that has moderate reproducibility. Sample preparation (isolation, purification, and characterization) is also desired tor a full solutions approach. Einally, preprinted microarrays with specific 

Bakery and other products that have shelf-lives limited by moulds will benefit from composite active packaging systems that include ethanol release. Further study of the dynamics of ethanol release and its interaction with the food is required before such systems can be used more widely with confidence. 

Retortable plastic packages have not yet lived up to their potential for rapid sterilisation. Improved filling rates will depend on faster methods of achieving seals of guaranteed integrity. Reduction in the scalping of flavour by improved plastics, possibly with crystalline or other coatings will further widen horizons. 

Efficient stem cell expansion is a key bottleneck for clinical application and commercialization of stem cell therapy. Membrane bioreactors may make a significant contribution due to its important features such as possibility for uniform chemical and biochemical conditions within the bioreactor, low or even zero hydrodynamic shears, large surface-to-volume ratios, and physical separation between two cell types but allowing biochemical signaling between them. For example, it may be possible to culture the feeder cells on one side of the membrane, while culturing human embryonic stem cells on the other. In this way human embryonic stem cells are not mixed with the feeder cells, which eliminates the need for later difficult separation, but get the biochemical signals from the feeder cells that are necessary to proliferate embryonic stem cells (e.g., Choo et al., 2006 Klimanskaya et al., 2005). 

To protect implanted tissues or functional cells, an immunoisolation membrane can be used (Dionne et al., 1996 Lanza and Chick, 1997). An example of such systems is the artificial pancreas (Desai et al., 2004 Figliuzzi et al., 2005 Ohgawaia et al., 2000). An immunoisolation membrane, which can also be formed in place, is used to protect the implanted islets 

Abdullah, N. S., Das, D. B., Ye, H., and Cui, Z. F. (2006). 3d bone tissue growth in hollow fibre membrane bioieactor Implications of various process parameters on tissue nutrition. Int. J. Artif. Organs 29(9), 841-851. 

and Stenken, J. A. (2006). Microdialysis sampling of cytokines. Methods Anal. Cytokines 38(4), 331-341. 

Bassett, P. (2001). Tissue Engineering Technologies, Markets and Opportunities, 3rd ed. D MD Report. 

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The desugarization by-product is normally sold as a low value molasses. Pulse method systems also produce a relatively high value betaine-rich (at least 50% on soHds) fraction. The concentrated betaine-rich by-product is used as a custom animal feed, whose European markets are well estabUshed and may provide a future opportunity in the U.S. feed industry. Beet sugar molasses contains from 3 to 6% betaine, by weight, about three-quarters of which may be recoverable as a potential by-product ( 40 50% purity). 

Volume 53 Catalyst in Petroleum Refining 1989. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Catalysts in Petroleum Refining, Kuwait, March 5-8,1989 edited by D.L. Trimm, S. Akashah, M. Absi-Halabi and A. Bishara Volume 54 Future Opportunities in Catalytic and Separation Technology edited by M. Misono, Y. Moro-oka and S. Kimura... 

The National Research Council Report Opportunities in Chemistry published in 1985 (called the Pimentel Report ) described a survey of the state of science and technology in chemistry and made recommendations concerning future opportunities. One of the recommendations proposed the following ... 

Finally, the Hinsberg synthesis has been extended to the use of a-aryl-a-carboethoxydimethyl sulfide in conjunction with a series of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. Specifically, the 4-nitroaryl substituent provides for sufficient activation of the a-proton to allow condensation and ring closure. These examples appear general and suggest future opportunities for the Hinsberg thiophene protocol. 

Use your creative talents but be positive. You have now creatively worked through the frustration and negativism that problems seem to generate. Your increasingly creative input will generate future opportunities. 

J. M. Prausnitz, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Continuity and Exparuling Frontiers H. Ted Davis, Future Opportunities in Thermodynamics... 

M. Iwamoto "Future Opportunities in talysis and Separation Technology" M. Misono, Y. Moro-Oka, S. Kimura Eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, p.l21. 

The listing in Table 4 provides the reader with current and future opportunity areas in professional practice. 

What are the future opportunities in CMB reactive scattering studies opened up by the soft electron-impact ionization ... 

One of the major breakthroughs in nanotechnology is the use of nanomaterials as catalysts for environmental applications [149]. Nanomaterials have been developed to improve the properties of catalysts, enhance reactivity towards pollutants, and improve their mobility in various environmental media [150]. Nanomaterials offer applications to pollution prevention through improved catalytic processes that reduce the use of toxic chemicals and eliminate wastes. Nanomaterials also offer applications in environmental remediation and, in the near future, opportunities to create better sensors for process controls. 

Duncan, R., Ringsdorf, H. and Satchi-Fainaro, R. Polymer Therapeutics Polymers as Drugs, Drug and Protein Conjugates and Gene Delivery Systems Past, Present and Future Opportunities. Vol. 192, pp. 1-8. 

Andersson H, van den Berg A (2004) Microfabrication and microfluidics for tissue engineering state of the art and future opportunities. Lab Chip 4 98-103... 

J. E. Bailey, Mathematical modeling and analysis in biochemical engineering Past accom plishments and future opportunities. Biotech. Prog. 14, 8 20 (1998). 

Edward G. Jefferson, Future Opportunities in Chemical Engineering... 

The fuels area offers significant future opportunities for the synthetic chemists and combustion scientists. A tailored fuel may be in order since fuels that exhibit rapid initiation and rapid development of chemical reactions can significantly influence the detonation process. 

Clapham JC, Arch JRS, Tadayyon M. Antiobesity drugs a critical review of current therapies and future opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2001 89 81-121. 

Duncan R, Ringsdorf H, Satchi-Fainaro R (2006) Polymer therapeutics polymers as drugs, drug and protein conjugates and gene dehvery systems past, present and future opportunities. Adv Polym Sci 192 1-8... 

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