Expanded products

Owens Lake. Owens Lake is a relatively small alkaH deposit in Southern California where small amounts of cmde trona are recovered and sold (30,31). Several feasibiHty studies with regard to expanding production at this site have been conducted over the years with negative results. 

In 1991, the relatively old and small synthetic fuel production faciHties at Sasol One began a transformation to a higher value chemical production facihty (38). This move came as a result of declining economics for synthetic fuel production from synthesis gas at this location. The new faciHties installed in this conversion will expand production of high value Arge waxes and paraffins to 123,000 t/yr in 1993. Also, a new faciHty for production of 240,00 t/yr of ammonia will be added. The complex will continue to produce ethylene and process feedstock from other Sasol plants to produce alcohols and higher phenols. 

For most of the decade prior to 1965, the United States was the world s largest single producer of potash. More than 90% of this production came from mines in New Mexico. As the grades of these deposits lowered and production costs rose, expanding production in Saskatchewan, Canada,... 

More recently, Sasol commercialized a new type of fluidized-bed reactor and was also operating a higher pressure commercial fixed-bed reactor (38). In 1989, a commercial scale fixed fluid-bed reactor was commissioned having a capacity similar to existing commercial reactors at Sasol One (39). This effort is aimed at expanded production of higher value chemicals, in particular waxes (qv) and linear olefins. 

Historically, the world s petroleum production pattern can be related to geologic, economic, and pohtical factors. In the past, many countries have had large excesses in production capacity, whereas in the 1990s, only countries in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates, have, in the short mn, enough excess capacity to expand production of conventional cmde petroleum in any significant manner. In the Middle East, production of petroleum is over five times the region s consumption (see Table 4). On a much smaller scale, Africa produces far more petroleum than it consumes (3.4 times). 

The United States dominated world vanadium production for ah uses until the late 1960s when several countries, notably the former USSR, expanded production significantly. At about the same time, the United States shifted from being a net exporter to a net importer this situation continues. In 1978, the United States supphed 15% of the total world production but consumed 23%. World production values and anticipated capacities are shown in Table 5 (21) U.S. production and demand, as weh as forecasts, are shown in Table 6 (21). 

Irradiation of the fused ring isoxazoline (27) gave the ring expanded product, oxazepine (28), in 80% yield. 

Solvolysis of tosylate (303) yields, in addition to aziridinyl alcohol (304), ring expanded products (305) and (306) (68TL6179). These products and the observed rates of solvolysis were explained in terms of bicyclic intermediate (301). 

A chemical company was considering a larger reactor to expand production. Because of industry reported accidents with this process, a HAZOP was performed that identified the potential for a violent reaction with deadly consequences. A QRA was conducted to better understand the risk of expansion and to determine additional safety needs. 

Early efforts to partially synthesize 20-keto and 17a-hydroxy-20-keto steroids led to ring D-expanded products isomeric with the desired compounds. Darzens condensation of 3/5-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one acetate (75) with ethyl a,a-dichloropropionate, followed by alkali treatment and decarboxylation, gives both the expected 3j5-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (78) and an isomer now known to be 17a-methyl-D-homo-17-ketone (79).36,37a alternative route for the introduction of the two carbon side chain, Ruzicka... 

The only known reaction of a furan with a dihalocarbene is that recently reported between benzofuran and dichlorocarbene in hexane at 0°. The initial adduct (7) could not be isolated but on hydrolysis gave the ring-expanded product 8, possibly via 9, in 15% yield. Benzothiophene was recovered in 92% yield under the same conditions. 2,5-Dihydrofuran reacted with dichloro- and dibromo-carbene to give the products of allylic insertion, 2-dihalogenomethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran, as well as the normal addition products. ... 

The structure of the product of the Reimer-Tiemann reaction of 1,2,3-trimethylindole (24) has been confirmed as 3-dichloromethyl-1,3-dimethyl-2-methyleneindoline (25) by spectroscopy and oxidation to the iV -methyloxindole when the dichlorocarbene was generated under neutral conditions a ring-expanded product, 3-chloro-1,4-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,2-dihydroquinoline (26) could be isolated and oxidized to the corresponding a-quinolone. These reactions presumably proceed by mechanisms similar to those discussed for 2,3-di-... 

Irradiation of 2-azidobiphenylene in the presence of diethylamine yields no azepines, whereas 4-azidobenzocyclobutene (75) gives the cyc obut[<7]azepine 76 as the only ring-expanded product.189... 

The addition of two molecules of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to the imidazole 1 results in the ring-expanded product 2.154... 

The hydrophilic network polymers have acquired a completely new field of application, the word field being understood here literally. SAH as a new soil water-retaining agent to be used in water-deficit conditions is attracting widespread attention, which is manifested in a great number of publications and the expanding production of corresponding materials. 

The ability to control the polymer from the design of the catalyst, coupled with high catalytic efficiency has led to an explosion of commercial and academic interest in these catalysts. Exxon started up a 30 million lb/5rr ethylene copol3rmer demonstration plant in 1991 using a bis-cyclopentadienyl zirconium catalyst of structure 1. The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) began operating a 125 million Ib/yr ethylene/l-octene copolymer plant in 1993 and has since expanded production capacity to 375 million Ib/yr. This paper will focus on the structure / property relationships of the catalysts used by Dow to produce single-site ethylene a-olefin copolymers. 

Texturization enables the creation of more expanded products with boosted protein levels, which are texturally firmer and crispier products, easier to break than the t)q)ical commeal or cornmeal without TWPI. For example, we developed several directly expanded high-protein com meal products containing 30 g/100 g WPC (WPC80) and WPI. The protot)q5e products were pretzels, com chips, and tortilla chips (Onwulata, 2010). 

When the company planned to expand production the local authorities ordered the company to reduce its current air emissions. As a result the company intended to install equipment to capture the trichloroethylene and incinerate the solvents from the painting plant.31 However, an independent... 

Depending on the nature of the blowing agent, it is possible that decomposition products may be present in expanded products. This has been established for the blowing agent azodicarbonamide for which low levels of semicarbazide have been detected in food stored in glass jars sealed with expanded PVC seals [12]. Chemical structures are... 

Photolyzing with UV light may result in immediate reaction of the nitrene intermediate with a target molecule within Van der Waals distance, or may result in ring expansion to the nucleophile-reactive dehydroazepine. The ring-expanded product is reactive primarily with amine groups (Figure 5.31). 

Q. May I ask the question your counsel asked you. Was the planning for the expanded production of buna geared in with the armed forces ... 

With the identity of the ring-expanded product established with some confidence, several important questions about phenylcarbene (la) still remained. These included ... 

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